Chapter 8 - Assessing Achievement and Aptitude: Applications for Counseling

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Aptitude Tests

Predict future performance/ability to learn new tasks

Best predictor of graduate school success

combination of GRE scores and undergraduate GPA

Best predictor of college success

combination of high school grades and all 3 SAT section scores

Education

domain or area is covered more broadly, with intent of helping test taker learn content or information

Test sophistication

individual's level of knowledge in test-taking skills

Coaching

training or practice on questions that are the same or similar to items on test

Achievement Tests

Tests what individual has learned/acquired

Survey achievement batteries

1000's of students in multiple districts throughout nation Subtests that measure achievement in academic areas (reading, math, arts, etc) Provides information on strengths, limits, and year-to-year progress Often co-normed with tests of general ability or academic intelligence

Criterion-Referenced Instruments Examples

Criterion-referenced assessments in Indiana: ISTEP+, IMAST, ISTAR

Minimum-level skills tests

Criterion-referenced tests where the minimum level is the "criterion" for passing Great controversy over the institution of minimum competency examinations as prerequisite to earning high school diploma

Criterion-Referenced Instruments

Designed to determine if a certain academic standard is met Becoming more common with increasing focus on standards and accountability in education

Issues in Achievement Testing

Increase in standardized achievement testing in all 50 states ("high stakes testing") No Child Left Behind Focus on educational accountability, examining individual student progress Blueprint for revising Elementary and Secondary Education Act released in March 2010, not yet reauthorized National Assessment of Educational Progress ("the nation's report card") AERA's conditions for high-stakes achievement testing programs in education

Examples or Survey Achievement

Iowa Tests, Metropolitan Achievement Tests Also available for adults

Predicting performance of job duties is difficult because:

Job duties within an occupation vary depending on organization and setting What constitutes "successfully performing"? Job performance can rarely be measured unidimensionally Difficult to recruit large norming groups

Individual Achievement Tests and Diagnostic Achievement Tests

Often used in psychoeducatonal evaluations

Contrasting Achievement and Aptitude

One of purpose more than of content

Response to Intervention Model

Replaced SLD Data used to identify students at risk for poor learning outcomes Provided student at primary, secondary, or third level Progress monitored and intervention adjusted as needed

Coaching (expanded)

Research investigating effects of coaching on test results has mixed and inconsistent results Closer the resemblance between the coaching material and test content greater improvement in scores "Teaching to the test" approach General conclusions: coaching programs may increase scores slightly; significant changes occur only if programs are longer and content is closely aligned with test material

Aptitude Assessment Examples

Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SAT, ACT, GRE) Vocational/Career Aptitude Tests (ASVAB, WorkKeys, DAT)

Subject Area Tests

Single subject tests developed by teachers make up largest area of achievement tests Advocates of authentic assessment and performance assessment have had major influence on teacher-developed subject area tests

Assessment of Achievement

Survey achievement batteries Individual achievement tests and diagnostic achievement tests Criterion-referenced tests and minimum-level skills assessments Subject area tests

Test Sophistication

Test scores improve when individuals retake alternate form of test Individuals with extensive experience taking standardized tests have advantage Some test publishers are trying to provide free test preparation materials to create "more level playing field"

Test Preparation and Performance

Test sophistication Coaching Education

Vocational/Career Aptitude Tests

Used in career counseling to predict job or occupational performance

Discrepancy Model

Used to identify specific learning disabilities

Validity of Scholastic Aptitude Tests

Validity for SAT and ACT are almost the same Correlation with freshman GPA ranges from .30 to .50


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