chapter 8

modular structure

a firm assembles product chunks, or modules, provided by outside contractors.

network structure

the organization has a central core that is linked to outside independent firms by computer connections, which are used to operate as if all were a single organization.

divisional structure

people with diverse occupational specialties are put together in formal groups by similar products or services, customers or clients, or geographic regions.

What are five ways in which culture is transmitted to employees?

(1) A symbol is an object, act, quality, or event that conveys meaning to others.(2) A story is a narrative based on true events, which is repeated—and sometimes embellished on—to emphasize a particular value.(3) A hero is a person whose accomplishments embody the values of the organization.(4) Rites and rituals are the activities and ceremonies, planned and unplanned, that celebrate important occasions and accomplishments in the organization's life. (5) organizational socialization is defined as the process by which people learn the values, norms, and required behaviors that permit them to participate as members of an organization

three designs that open boundaries between organizations

horizontal structure, network structure, modular structure

functional structure

people with similar occupational specialties are put together in formal groups.

four types of tradititional organizational designs

simple structure, functional structure, divisional structure, matrix structure.

Integration

tendency of the parts of an organization to draw together to achieve a common purpose

Differentiation

the tendency of the parts of an organization to disperse and fragment

Describe and explain the three levels of organizational culture.

.Level 1 is observable artifacts, the physical manifestations of culture.Level 2 is espoused values, explicitly stated values and norms preferred by an organization, although employees are frequently influenced by enacted values, which represent the values and norms actually exhibited in the organization.Level 3 consists of basic assumptions, the core values of the organization. Culture is transmitted to employees in symbols, stories, heroes, and rites and rituals.

Why is it important for managers to align a company's vision and strategies with its organizational culture and structure?

Adjusting an organization's vision and methodologies to the hierarchical culture and structure is exceptionally pivotal for the chiefs. It would help the organization to achieve a consistency between the assignments and methodologies and finishing them. On the off chance that the vision and systems of an organization would not be perfect with its structure and culture, at that point it can't give powerful outcomes. Besides it would prompt disappointment and clashes among the laborers. At last it would adversely affect the development and advancement of the organization.

Explain what is meant by horizontal organizational designs.

In a horizontal design or team-based design, teams or workgroups are used to improve horizontal relations and solve problems throughout the organization.

horizontal design

In a horizontal design or team-based design, teams or workgroups are used to improve horizontal relations and solve problems throughout the organization.

to implement an organizations strategy, what are two kinds of important areas that managers must determine?

align the organization's vision and strategies with its organizational culture and organizational structure. 1) organizational culture and 2) organizational structure

matrix structure

an organization combines functional and divisional chains of command in grids so that there are two command structures—vertical and horizontal.

simple structure

authority is centralized in a single person; this structure has a flat hierarchy, few rules, and low work specialization.

mechanistic organization

authority is centralized, tasks and rules are clearly specified, and employees are closely supervised

organic organization

authority is decentralized, there are fewer rules and procedures, and networks of employees are encouraged to cooperate and respond quickly to unexpected tasks

What are seven common elements of organizations?

(1) common purpose, which unifies employees or members and gives everyone an understanding of the organization's reason for being;(2) coordinated effort, the coordination of individual efforts into a group or organization-wide effort;(3) division of labor, having discrete parts of a task done by different people;(4) hierarchy of authority, a control mechanism for making sure the right people do the right things at the right time.(5) span of control, which refers to the number of people reporting directly to a given manager;(6) authority and accountability, responsibility, and delegation.(7) centralization versus decentralization of authority. With centralized authority, important decisions are made by higher-level managers. With decentralized authority, important decisions are made by middle-level and supervisory-level managers.

Name 12 mechanisms by which an organization's members teach each other preferred values, beliefs, expectations, and behaviors.

(1) formal statements;(2) slogans and sayings;(3) rites and rituals;(4) stories, legends, and myths;(5) leader reactions to crises;(6) role modeling, training, and coaching;(7) physical design;(8) rewards, titles, promotions, and bonuses;(9) organizational goals and performance criteria;(10) measurable and controllable activities;(11) organizational structure(12) organizational systems and procedures.

three factors to consider in designing an organizations structure

(1) mechanistic or organic (2) differentiation or integration (3) culture and structure

How would you describe the four kinds of organizational cultures, according to the competing values framework?

(1)clan, which has an internal focus and values flexibility;(2) adhocracy, which has an external focus and values flexibility;(3) market, which has a strong external focus and values stability and control;(4) hierarchy, which has an internal focus and values stability and control.