Chapter 8: Minerals

Why is it unlikely that there are other vitamins waiting to be discovered?

-very ill people are kept alive for years on liquid synthetic feedings -babies thrive on infant formulas

Signs of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

-abnormal eye movements -staggering gait -distorted thought processes

Which of the following are good sources of beta-carotene?

-carrots -spinach -pumpkin

When consumed in high doses, vitamins often

-cause unpleasant side effects -have druglike effects in the body

Which of the following are good sources of vitamin C?

-citrus fruits -strawberries -broccoli

Choose the best ways to cook produce that will preserve the vitamin content in the food?

-cook food in their skins -cut food into larger pieces -use quick cooling methods with little contact with water

People who eat little/no animal products should take a vitamin _____ supplement.

B-12

Which vitamin do cells require to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of CH3 groups in the metabolism of folate?

B-12

Which of the following are considered roles of vitamins?

-regulates a variety of body processes -involved in the growth and development of tissues

Symptoms of osteomalacia

-soft, weak bones -muscle weakness

What are some food sources of riboflavin?

-spinach -yogurt -milk

Which cooking methods best preserve the vitamin content of foods?

-stir-frying -microwaving -steaming

Who would be most at risk for developing vitamin deficiencies?

-the elderly -alcoholics

What are some ways to improve the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins in low-fat foods like vegetables

-use salad dressing -cook the vegetables in oil

Why might a single nutrient have no effect on the treatment of a chronic disease?

-various factors influence the development and treatment of chronic diseases -complex diseases do not have simple causes that can be treated with nutrients

The condition that arises when one over consumes foods and/or supplements containing beta-carotene is called

carotenemia

The yellow-orange pigments in fruits and vegetables are called

carotenoids

Why do pregnant women require an increased intake of folate?

cell division is taking place at a rapid place

Adding a pat of margarine to steamed carrots or tossing vegetables in salad dressing are two ways to improve the absorption of ____ soluble vitamins

fat

The body is able to store which group of vitamins?

fat soluble vitamins

Liver, legumes, broccoli, and orange juice are all good sources of:

folate

Women who are capable of becoming pregnant should take a supplement of 400 mcg of _____ _____ to prevent neural tube defects in newborns

folic acid

Vitamins A and D are often added to milk, and ready-to-eat cereals are often sprayed with additional vitamins. There are examples of

fortification

When fresh produce is not available, it is best to purchase __________ produce in order to receive the most vitamins.

frozen

A molecule that has been reduced, has ____ one or more electrons

gained

What is the name of the protein in RBCs that transports oxygen?

hemoglobin

Vitamin A

immune function

During infancy, adolescence, and pregnancy, a person's vitamin needs:

increase

Presently there ____ much scientific information that supports claims that megadoses of vitamins can treat or prevent disease.

is not

A vitamin A deficient person's epithelial cells produce too much of the protein _____ making their skin rough and bumpy

keratin

The skin's ability to produce vitamin D from sunlight is ____ in dark skin compared to lighter skin

less

When an atom or molecule ______ one or more electrons it has been oxidized.

loses

When a cell becomes _______, it does not perform the specialized functions of the cells from which it was derived

malignant

The deficiencies of both vitamin B-12 and folate can result in _______

megaloblastic anemia

A disease has ____ when cancer spreads to other tissues

metastasized

Which statement about vitamins is most true?

more is not always better

Spina bifida and anencephaly are both _______ _______ defects that can occur when a pregnant woman does not receive enough folate

neural tube

The B vitamin that has been used to treat elevated LDL cholesterol levels is

niacin

An earlt sign of vitamin A deficiency is called

night blindness

4 D's: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death are all signs of _______, a niacin deficiency disease

pellagra

The consumption of which foods can prevent or delay the development of certain cancers?

plant

What is highly reactive and removes electrons from more stable molecules such as proteins, fatty acids, and DNA?

radical

T/F: A symptom of a mild riboflavin deficiency is to become fatigued easily

true

T/F: An increased risk of cancer is associated with obesity

true

T/F: In general, vitamins that occur naturally and synthetic vitamins have similar biological activity

true

T/F: Some radical formation in the body is necessary and provides some benefits

true

The results of major studies fail to show that high Vitamin E intakes can reduce the risk of

-CVD -cognitive impairment -cancer

Rank in order the sequence of events in the digestion and absorption if Vitamin B12

-Hydrochloric acid separates B-12 from animal protein -the stomach secretes intristic factor -B-12 to intristic factor (IF) -The IF/B-12 complex enters the cells and the complex breaks apart -B-12 binds to a carrier molecule for transport in the blood

In the body, pantothenic acid is important for

-fatty acid production -energy metabolism

food sources of vitamin B-6

-fish -liver -meat

The consumption of which foods has been associated with a decrease in the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration?

-fruits, -vegetables

Which foods are good sources of vitamin D?

-herring -milk -salmon

Which of the following is true about radicals?

-highly reactive -a substance with an unpaired electron -it removes electrons from more stable molecules

Which of the following are functions of vitamin C?

-immune system functioning -collagen synthesis

Role of vitamin A in the visual cycle

-in the dark, retinal binds to opsin to form rhodopsin -light activates rhodospin, causing it to change shape -activated rhodopsin stimulates rod cell changes that result in vision -retinal detaches from opsin

A healthy diet designed to reduce cancer risk would include

-limiting consumption of red meat -increasing your intake of fruits -increasing your intake of whole grains

The amount of sun exposure you need to make sufficient vitamin D depends on

-location -time of day and year -age -skin color -the season

Conditions that can result in a biotin deficiency include

-long term antibiotic therapy -surgical removal of the colon

Signs of scurvy

-loose teeth -swollen gums -bruised skin

Choose the fruits and vegetables that contain more beta-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids.

-mangoes -sweet potatoes -peaches

What makes cancer causation a complex process?

-nutritional states -genetic makeups -lifestyle practices

Most people are familiar with the role of vitamin A in good vision. What are additional functions of vitamin A that are important as well?

-participates in the bone remodeling process -regulates the activity of the immune system

Which of the following foods are good sources of thiamin?

-pork -orange juice -legumes

Which of the following has the greatest impact on your long-term health?

-quitting smoking

Which of the following is true about coenzymes?

-regulates a chemical reaction -cofactor

Which statements about vitamins are true?

=excess vitamin intake can produce a toxicity disorder -cells can be damages by excess vitamin intake -cells can become saturated with a vitamin

Vitamin ___ participates in the development of epithelial cells, regulating immune system activity, and bone growth

A

Folate

Blood formation

Although commonly used for this purpose, scientific studies do not show that megadoses of vitamin ____ prevents the common cold

C

The body is able to make vitamin ___ when skin cells are exposed to the sun's ultraviolet radiation.

D

Vitamin ____ is necessary for the metabolism of the minerals calcium and phosphorous, and the production and maintenance of healthy bones.

D

When blood calcium levels drop, vitamin ___ works with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to signal bones to release calcium

D

Many Americans consume less than the recommended amounts of vitamins

D, E, and choline

What criteria must be a nutrient meet to be classified as a vitamin?

The body cannot synthesize the compound or make enough to maintain good health. The compound naturally occurs in commonly eaten foods. Signs and symptoms of a health problem (deficiency disorder) eventually occur when the substance is missing from the diet.

What vitamin deficiency will result in blood that does not clot effectively?

Vitamin K

Name the fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, K

In its coenzyme form, biotin participates in chemical reactions that

add carbon dioxide to other compounds

Vitamin E

antioxidant defense

Vitamin C can act as a(n) _____ by donating electrons to radicals. in Excess, however, vitamin C may act as a(n) ____ by promoting radical production

antioxidant; prooxidant

What protects cells by giving up electrons to radicals?

antioxidants

The thiamin deficiency disease _____ is characterized by weakness, poor muscular coordination, and decreased functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous systems

beriberi

What is the primary function of vitamin K?

blood clotting

Vitamin D

bone health

Regular health checkups and various screening methods such as self exams can detect ____ in its early stages

cancer

What is the second leading cause of death in the United States?

cancer

Who is least at risk for developing vitamin A deficiency?

children who like vegetables

In order to make phospholipids and acetylcholine, the body needs the vitamin called

choline

What is an ion or small molecule that regulates a chemical reaction?

coenzyme

Connective tissue gets its strength from the protein

collagen

When should the consumption of Vitamin A supplements be avoided?

during pregnancy

Niacin participates in which of the following?

energy metabolism

Thiamin

energy metabolism

Thiamin does not reach toxic levels in the body because

excess vitamin can be excreted in the urine

When an atom gains one or more electrons. it has been

reduced

An oxidant ____ electrons from atoms or molecules

removes

Keeping foods in high humidity and away from air are storage methods that _____ vitamin content

retain

_____ is the most active form of vitamin A in the body

retinol

Children with leg bones that bow under the weight of carrying the upper part of the body is a sign of ______, a disease resulting from vitamin D deficiency

rickets

______ is a deficiency disease in children characterized by inadequate vitamin D levels. This results in bones that are soft and misshapen

rickets

The deficiency for vitamin C is called ______

scurvy

Vitamin C absorption occurs in the

small intestine

What is the primary site of vitamin absorption?

small intestine

Because there is not a lot of Vitamin D in our food, our bodies must get ______ exposure in order to make vitamin D

sun

Which foods are good sources of vitamin E?

sunflower seeds and plant oils

Folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin C are all examples of ________-soluble vitamins

water

The B vitamins and vitamin C are ___ vitamins.

water soluble