Chapter 8- Movement And Joints

Categorize movements as gliding, angular, circular, special or combination types

Gliding movements occur when two flat surfaces glide over one another. Angular movements include flexion and extension, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion, and abduction and adduction. Circular movements include rotation, pronation and supination, and circumduction. Special movements include elevation and depression, protraction and retraction, excursion, opposition and reposition, and inversion and eversion. Combination movements involve two or more of the previously mentioned movements.

Distinguish among uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial synovial joints

A uniaxial diarthrosis allows movement within a single anatomical plane or axis of motion. A biaxial diarthrosis, such as the metacarpophalangeal joint, allows for movement along two planes or axes. The hip and shoulder joints are examples of a multiaxial diarthrosis.

Describe the effects of aging on the joints

As you age, joint movement becomes stiffer and less flexible because the amount of lubricating fluid inside your joints decreases and the cartilage becomes thinner. Ligaments also tend to shorten and lose some flexibility, making joints feel stiff.

Classify synovial Joints based on the shape of the bones in the joint and give an example of each type

Classified by planes, saddle, hinge, pivot, ball and socket, and ellipsoid

Explain the structure of a fibrous joint, list the 3 types, and give an example of each type

Fibrous joints are where adjacent bones are strongly united by connective tissue. 3 types are sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses

List the factors that affect normal range of motion

Gender. Age. Body mass index. Type of disease. Preoperative range of motion. Preoperative flexion deformity and postoperative range of motion. Patella resurfacing and tourniquet protocol. Scores

Describe the consequences of movement beyond the normal range of motion

Injuries may suffer to the joints or tissue used for the range of movement

Describe 2 systems for Classifying Joints

Joints are classified according to the type of connective tissue that binds them AND whether fluid is present between bones

Discuss the common disorders that affect these major joints

Osteoarthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis Spondyloarthritis. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Lupus. Gout. Bursitis.

Explain the difference between active and passive range of motion.

Passive Range of Motion, movement from the joint through the range of motion with no effort from the patient. Active Range of Motion, Patient performs the exercise to move the joint without any assistance to the muscles surrounding the joint.

Distinguish between rotation and circumduction. What is excursion?

Rotation is a movement around an axis, so it is rotating. For example, holding your arm down palm facing out, rotating you arm to where your palm is facing behind you is rotation. Circumduction is a movement describes as "circular" that uses adduction, abduction, flexion and extension

Contrast the 2 types of cartilaginous joints

Synchondroses are immovable joints, jointed by the Hyaline Cartilage. Symphyses are slightly movable joints made by fibrocartilage

Explain the the roles of the components of the synovial joints

Synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones. Synovial joints allow bones to slide past each other or to rotate around each other. This produces movements called abduction (away), adduction (towards), extension (open), flexion (close), and rotation.

Demonstrate the difference between the following pairs of movements: flexion and extension; plantar flexion and dorsiflexion; abduction and adduction; supination and pronation; elevation and depression; protraction and retraction; opposition a and reposition; inversion and eversion.

flexion (anterior flexion) is an anterior (forward) bending of the neck or body, while extension involves a posterior-directed motion, such as straightening from a flexed position or bending backward. Abduction moves the limb laterally away from the midline of the body, while adduction is the opposing movement that brings the limb toward the body or across the midline. Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are movements at the ankle joint, which is a hinge joint. Lifting the front of the foot, so that the top of the foot moves toward the anterior leg is dorsiflexion, while lifting the heel of the foot from the ground or pointing the toes downward is plantar flexion. Inversion and eversion are complex movements that involve the multiple plane joints among the tarsal bones of the posterior foot (intertarsal joints) and thus are not motions that take place at the ankle joint. Protraction and retraction are anterior-posterior movements of the scapula or mandible.