chapter 8
A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that _________. Question options: a) extreme vividness of a memory does not necessarily mean high accuracy. b) people's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy). c) they are permanent and resist forgetting. d) rehearsal cannot account for them.
a
According to the YouTube video regarding eyewitness, the officer selectively used two critical words in his question. There were: Question options: a) bump; smash b) hit; smash c) hit; bump d) None of the above
a
In the experiment in which participants sat in a psychology-experiment office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of on memory. Question options: a) (scene) schemas b) scripts c) prototypes d) bias
a
To measure the accuracy of flashbulb memories, researchers use ________ procedure. Question options: a) repeated recall. b) cultural life script. c) source monitoring. d) I am statement.
a
_____ is your knowledge about what's the typical image of a place, which _____ your memory. Question options: a) Scene schema b) Prototype c) Stereotype d) Self-schema
a
For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for ________. Question options: a) childhood and adolescence. b) adolescence and young adulthood. c) young adulthood and middle age. d) childhood and middle age.
b
Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a large change in eyewitness reporting (especially the estimated speed of the cars). In this study, the critical words were _______________. Question options: a) "incident vs. accident" b) "hit vs. smashed." c) "kilometers per hour s. miles per hour." d) "vehicle vs. car."
b
What is flashbulb memory? Question options: a) Memory regarding shocking or highly charged important events. b) Memory for circumstances surrounding shocking or highly charged important events. c) Photographic memory that remembers a scene as the camera film holds an image. d) Memory of very personal and important events that not many people know.
b
Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the three explanations for the reminiscence bump? Question options: a) Self-image hypothesis: memory is enhanced for events that had occurred as a person was forming self-identity. b) Cognitive hypothesis: busy period of life that is followed by a relaxed and stable period of life causes stronger memory about the relaxed period. c) Cultural life script: personal events become easier to recall when they fit the schedule expected by one's culture. d) All of the above are correct.
b
According to cognitive psychologists, it is better to have ________ lineup and ________ in the lineup. Question options: a) Serial; no fillers (someone similar to the suspect/perpetrator) b) Simultaneous; no fillers (someone similar to the suspect/perpetrator) c) Serial; fillers (someone similar to the suspect/perpetrator) d) Simultaneous; fillers (someone similar to the suspect/perpetrator)
c
Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall? Question options: a) Retiring from work at age 40 b) Marrying at age 60 c) Graduating from college at age 23 d) Having a child at age 45
c
Schrauf and Rubin's (1998) "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the __________. Question options: a) autobiographical hypothesis. b) narrative rehearsal hypothesis. c) cognitive hypothesis. d) cultural life script hypothesis.
c
The brain area that is responsible for detecting negative emotional stimuli is ______. Question options: a) Hippocampus b) FFA c) Amygdala d) Prefrontal cortex
c
The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that _________. Question options: a)life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass. b) people tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones. c) memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities. d) our memories change as we live longer and have more "lifetime periods" to draw events from.
c
According to cognitive psychologists, it is better to have an administrator of the lineup procedure who _________ know whether or not the lineup has a real suspect/perpetrator while letting the eyewitness know that there _________ be the suspect. Question options: a) Does; may B) Does; may not c) Does not; may d) Does not; may not
d
According to the cognitive interview technique, we should let eyewitness _____________. Question options: a) Talk with minimal interruption / feedback b) Recreate the situation/emotion that they had at the crime scene C) Neither a) nor b) d) Both a) and b)
d
According to the experiment that involves emotional and neutral picture surrounded by color frames, people are ______ confident to recognize emotional pictures than to recognize neutral pictures, but their memory for the frame color is ________ accurate for the emotional pictures. Question options: a) Less; less b) Less; more c) More; more d) More; less
d
As a supporting evidence of the cognitive hypothesis of the reminiscence bump, researchers found that people who immigrated at the age of 34-35 show a reminiscence bump that is ______. Question options: a) The same as those of people who immigrated at the age of 20-24. b) The same as those of people who did not immigrate. c) Put forward comparing to those of people who immigrated at the age of 20-24 (i.e., their reminiscence bump occurred earlier). d) Postponed comparing to those of people who immigrated at the age of 20-24
d
Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements? a) It is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event. b) It is vivid memory for emotional events. c) It is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events. d) It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.
d
When sentence A, The flimsy shelf weakened under the weight of the books. is followed by sentence B, The flimsy shelf ________ under the weight of the books. People often fill in the blank with "collapsed". This demonstrates that ____________. Question options: a) Memory is not reconstructed b) Memory is reconstructed based on culture c) Memory is reconstructed based on gender stereotype d) Memory is reconstructed based on previous / typical language usage
d
Which of the following effect is most closely related to the cognitive hypothesis of reminiscence bump? Question options: a) Self-reference effect b) Self-generation effect c) Testing effect d) Spacing effect
d
Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the effect of emotion on memory? Question options: a) Emotional words or pictures are remembered better than neutral ones. b) Without amygdala, memory enhancement by emotion would disappear. c) Stress may enhance memory by releasing specific hormones (e.g., cortisol). d) People are less confident with remembering emotional events.
d
Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the results from eyewitness-testimony experiments? Question options: a) More than half of the time, viewers of a crime scene tend to pick someone from a line-up as a perpetrator even when the line-up does not include the real perpetrator. b) Eyewitness tends to pick a familiar face from the line-up as a perpetrator. c) Eyewitness' confidence on their own testimony is affected by the type of feedback they received from the investigator. d) All of the above
d
Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the flashbulb memories? Question options: a) Flashbulb memories were originally considered as photographic memories that do not alter. b) People often make source monitoring errors and believe that they learned about the flashbulb-memory-events from TV even though that was not how they had learnt the news. c) People show higher confidence in recalling flashbulb memories than the memories of everyday events. d) Flashbulb memories are not necessarily more accurate than the memories of everyday events. e) All of the above are correct.
e