Chapter 8

Hasty generalization

The fallacy of drawing a conclusion about a target group based on an inadequate sample size.

Biased sample

A sample that does not properly represent the target group.

Random sample

A sample that is selected randomly from a target group in such a way as to ensure that the sample is representative. In a simple random selection, every member of the target group has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

Argument by analogy ( analogical induction)

An argument making use of analogy, reasoning that because two or more things are similar in several respects, they must be similar in some further respect.

statistical syllogism

An inductive argument pattern in which the inference goes from a statement about a group of things to a conclusion about a single member of that group

enumirative induction

An inductive argument pattern in which we reason from premises about individual members of a group to conclusions about the group as a whole.

relevant property (property in question)

In enumerative induction, a property, or characteristic, that is of interest in the target group.

Representative sample

In enumerative induction, a sample that resembles the target group in all relevant ways.

sample (sample member)

In enumerative induction, the observed members of the target group.

target group (target population)

In enumerative induction, the whole collection of individuals under study.

Confidence level

In statistical theory, the probability that the sample will accurately represent the target group within the margin of error.

Margin of error

The variation between the values derived from a sample and the true values of the whole target group.

self-selecting sample

allowing survey subjects to choose themselves

analogical induction

because 2 or more things are similar inseveral respects, they must be similar in some further respects

analogy

comparison of two or more like things alike in specific respects

inference to the best explanation

conclusion based on inference

sufficient condition

for the occurrence of an event is one that guarantees that the event occurs.

necessary condition

for the occurrence of an event is one without which the event cannot occur.

causal argument

inductive arguments whose conclusion contains a causal claim

causal claim

statement about the causes of questions