Chapter 8 Review

The subjective probability that a person has about his or her ability to perform a particular behavior is a. Self-efficacy. b. Expectancy. c. Valence. d. Instrumentality.

b. Expectancy.

Sally believes that she works harder than anyone else in her office; yet her salary is not the highest. Most likely Sally will experience which of the following? a. Feelings of overpayment inequity b. Feelings of underpayment inequity c. Feelings of equity d. Feelings of self-efficacy

b. Feelings of underpayment inequity

Which of the following is a proximal motivation theory? a. Maslow's hierarchy theory b. Goal setting theory c. Herzberg's two factor theory d. None of the above

b. Goal setting theory

Which of the following is currently the most popular theory of motivation? a. Expectancy theory b. Goal setting theory c. Equity theory d. Reinforcement theory

b. Goal setting theory

Which theory best explains the following scenario? A hungry person is not concerned with the danger or punishment and steals food anyway. a. Self-efficacy theory b. Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory c. Herzberg's two factor theory d. Expectancy theory

b. Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory

Everyone at his work claims that John is the most persistent person they know; to an I/O psychologist what does persistence of behavior refer to? a. how long the person engages in the behavior. b. which behavior the person chooses. c. the amount of effort a person expends at doing a task. d. the amount of intention needed to engage in a behavior.

a

Research suggests that self-efficacy might operate through a. the setting of goals. b. increasing instrumentalities. c. the provision of feedback. d. increasing justice.

a. the setting of goals.

Procedural justice has been shown to be more important for __________than __________. a. women; men b. men; women c. older employees; younger employees d. younger employees; older employees

a. women; men

"The probability of a particular behavior increases if it is followed by a reward or reinforcement, and the probability of a behavior decreases if it is followed by a punishment." This is a. the rule of equity. b. the law of effect. c. the principle of reinforcement. d. the law of principle needs.

b. the law of effect.

Which motivational theory states that people are motivated to achieve a condition of fairness in their dealings with other people? a. Expectancy theory b. Equity theory c. Self-efficacy theory d. Reinforcement theory

b. Equity theory

The Galatea effect is part of which theory? a. Expectancy theory b. Self-efficacy theory c. Equity theory d. Control theory

b. Self-efficacy theory

In motivation theories, "direction of behavior" refers to a. how long the person engages in the behavior. b. which behavior the person chooses. c. the amount of effort a person expends at doing a task. d. the amount of intention needed to engage in a behavior

b. which behavior the person chooses.

Control theory suggests that in response to discrepancies between feedback on performance and goals, individuals will: a. change inputs or outcomes b. withdraw from the situation c. change behavior or goals d. change self-efficacy and expectancy

c. change behavior or goals

Which best describes the action process? a. desire something; develop goal; feedback; execute plan b. desire something; feedback; develop goal; generate plan c. desire something; develop goal; execute plan; feedback d. desire something; develop goal; feedback; generate plan

c. desire something; develop goal; execute plan; feedback

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which is the most basic need? a. love b. safety c. food d. self-actualization

c. food

Goals affect behavior because they a. direct attention and action. b. mobilize effort. c. increase persistence. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Motivation has to do with the ________ of behavior. a. intensity b. direction c. persistence d. All of the above

d. All of the above

If Bill Gates says to the Rolling Stones that he thinks it is unfair for the band to be paid a million dollars for just one song, which theory would best apply? a. Goal-setting theory b. Self-efficacy theory c. Expectancy theory d. Equity theory

d. Equity theory

Which of the following statements about Expectancy theory are true? a. Research has shown that performance is unrelated to the individual components of Expectancy theory. b. Force scores are more strongly related to job performance than to measure of effort. c. Research has shown that performance is unrelated to the multivariate combination of the components of Expectancy theory.. d. Expectancy theory can predict a person's choice of behavior from two or more options.

d. Expectancy theory can predict a person's choice of behavior from two or more options.

Which of the following theories is LEAST based on people's needs or desires? a. Herzberg's two factor theory b. Maslow's hierarchy c. Equity theory d. Reinforcement theory

d. Reinforcement theory

Which theory of motivation claims that the value of the expectancy times the valence times the instrumentality equals motivation? a. Equity theory b. Expectancy theory c. Reinforcement theory d. Self-efficacy theory

b. Expectancy theory

Which of the following is NOT necessary for goal setting to be effective at improving job performance? a. Employees must be permitted to set their own goals. b. Employees must have goal commitment. c. Employees must receive feedback. d. The goal must be difficult.

a. Employees must be permitted to set their own goals.

You have noticed that most of all the associates in your same position are getting the same rewards for doing a good job. What motivational theory is your boss using? a. Equity Theory b. Goal setting Theory c. Expectancy Theory d. Reinforcement Theory

a. Equity Theory

Which of the following theories focuses primarily on social comparison with others? a. Equity theory b. Procedural justice c. Distributive justice d. Expectancy theory

a. Equity theory

Which of the following motivation theories does NOT explicitly emphasize the role of feedback? a. Expectancy theory b. Goal setting theory c. Control theory d. Action theory

a. Expectancy theory

Goal setting theory claims that which of the following factors are necessary for improvement in job performance? a. Goal commitment and feedback b. Salary equity and feedback c. Specific organizational goals and goal commitment d. Proximal constructs and clear objectives

a. Goal commitment and feedback

Which of the following motivation theories has the LEAST research support? a. Herzberg's two factor theory b. Expectancy theory c. Goal setting theory d. Self-efficacy theory

a. Herzberg's two factor theory

The theory of reinforcement has fallen out of favor by I/O psychologists because a. It gives little insight as to the motivational processes underlying behavior. b. It is not useful in influencing the behavior of employees. c. It is too powerful a motivational tool. d. It lacks research support

a. It gives little insight as to the motivational processes underlying behavior.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Reinforcement theory takes a global view and states that behavior is a function of a person's global context. b. Equity theory states that people value fair and equitable treatment by their organizations. c. Goal-setting theory posits that people's behaviors are directed by conscious goals and objectives. d. A person with low self-efficacy concerning the achievement of a goal is not likely to reach the goal

a. Reinforcement theory takes a global view and states that behavior is a function of a person's global context.

When you decide to go to work on a particular day, instead of calling in sick and watching TV, this is an example of which attribute of motivation? a. direction b. intensity c. persistence d. self-efficacy

a. direction

According to self-efficacy theory, John will work hardest when he a. is confident that he can succeed. b. thinks he has a 50% chance of success. c. expects to fail. d. has no idea whether he can succeed.

a. is confident that he can succeed.

I love being a professor because I am responsible for setting my own tasks. In this case, the responsibility for setting tasks is considered a(n) . a. outcome b. input c. valence d. expectancy

a. outcome

The need for water is an example of a need in Maslow's need hierarchy theory. a. physiological b. safety c. self-actualization d. love

a. physiological

_____________ justice has been shown to be more important to women and ___________ justice is more important to men. a. procedural; distributive b. distributive; procedural c. equity; procedural d. equity; distributive

a. procedural; distributive

Which of the following LEAST describes a state-oriented person? a. sets goals b. has difficulty committing to a course of action c. is easily distracted d. tends to give up when faced with setbacks

a. sets goals

A monthly salary is an example of a(n) reward. a. tangible b. intangible c. implicit d. incentive

a. tangible

Goal setting theory predicts that people will exert effort toward accomplishing their goals and that job performance is a function of: a. the goals set b. the rewards offered c. learning orientation d. action processes

a. the goals set

In which of the following situations is Person A most likely to be experiencing underpayment inequity? a. Person A: inputs = 10, outcomes = 10 Person B: inputs = 20, outcomes = 20 b. Person A: inputs = 20, outcomes = 40 Person B: inputs = 10, outcomes = 30 c. Person A: inputs = 20, outcomes = 5 Person B: inputs = 40, outcomes = 10 d. Person A: inputs = 20, outcomes = 20 Person B: inputs = 40, outcomes = 20

b. Person A: inputs = 20, outcomes = 40 Person B: inputs = 10, outcomes = 30

What is NOT an important factor for goal setting to improve job performance? a. Specific goals b. Reward for achieving goals c. Feedback on level of success d. Employee acceptance of the goal(s)

b. Reward for achieving goals

The Galatea effect, in which people's beliefs about their own capabilities lead them to perform better, as in a self-fulfilling prophecy, is most relevant to which theory? a. Goal-setting theory b. Self-efficacy theory c. Expectancy theory d. Equity theory

b. Self-efficacy theory

Recently, the research into equity theory has shifted from an emphasis on fairness in to a concern with . a. reward distribution process; allocation of rewards b. allocation of rewards; reward distribution process c. procedural justice; overpayment inequity d. underpayment inequity; overpayment inequity

b. allocation of rewards; reward distribution process

Which of the following theories does NOT specifically incorporate goals? a. goal setting theory b. expectancy theory c. action theory d. control theory

b. expectancy theory

Things that a person consciously wants to attain or achieve are called: a. inputs b. goals c. outputs d. equity

b. goals

I think I should be well paid because I have a Ph.D. In this case, the Ph.D. is considered a(n) . a. outcome b. input c. valence d. expectancy

b. input

George is trying to decide whether to study for his exam. Although he is confident that he knows how to study, he is completely certain that even if he studies he will not pass the exam. According to Expectancy theory, George's motivation to study is low because his is low. a. valence b. instrumentality c. expectancy d. self-efficacy

b. instrumentality

If you get an "A" on this exam you will definitely get an "A" in the course, and if you get an "A" in the course your parents will give you a SUV. Unfortunately, no matter how hard you study you don't think you can get an "A." In this case your is high, and your is low. a. valence is; expectancy and instrumentality are b. instrumentality and valence are; expectancy is c. instrumentality is; expectancy and valence are d. expectancy and valence are; instrumentality is

b. instrumentality and valence are; expectancy is

Distributive justice has been shown to be more important for ____________ than _____________ a. women; men b. men; women c. older employees; younger employees d. younger employees; older employees

b. men; women

You want to do well in your classes, and so you attend every single class meeting and keep up with the readings every single week until the end. Which aspect of motivation have you demonstrated? a. direction b. persistence c. intensity d. arousal

b. persistence

According to action theory,_____________ are specific steps chosen to accomplish the goals. a. action orientation b. plans c. action processes d. strategies

b. plans

Which of the following theories is most concerned with the tangible outcomes received by a person when he or she succeeds at a task? a. equity theory b. reinforcement theory c. expectancy theory d. need theory

b. reinforcement theory

The major tenet of reinforcement theory is that behavior results from a. the fulfillment of internal needs. b. rewards. c. people's values and perceptions of fairness. d. people's beliefs about themselves.

b. rewards.

__________people tend to procrastinate, whereas___________people tend to perform better on the job. a. action-oriented; state-oriented b. state-oriented; action-oriented c. high self-efficacy; low self-efficacy d. low self-efficacy; high self-efficacy

b. state-oriented; action-oriented

In Expectancy theory, instrumentality is the a. subjective probability that a person has about his or her ability to perform a particular behavior. b. subjective probability that a given behavior will result in a particular reward. c. value of an outcome or reward to a person. d. amount of the motivation a person has to engage in a particular behavior.

b. subjective probability that a given behavior will result in a particular reward.

You attended a training session and learned a more efficient method of performing your job, yet every time you use the new method your coworkers laugh at your technique. According to reinforcement theory you will a. Continue to use the new method and ignore the ridicule of your co-workers. b. Quit your job because of your poor self image. c. Decrease the use of the new method. d. Modify your goals in response to the negative feedback.

c. Decrease the use of the new method.

______________ is concerned with the fairness of the reward distribution process as opposed to the results of that distribution. a. Distributive justice b. Equity theory c. Procedural justice d. Social justice

c. Procedural justice

Which of the following methods to improve performance is NOT based on self- efficacy theory? a. Informing new employees that the job's failure rate is not as high as commonly thought. b. Slowly increasing the difficulty of new tasks. c. Providing bonuses for good performance. d. Putting employees through a training simulation wherein they can demonstrate successful performance before doing the actual job.

c. Providing bonuses for good performance.

You have designed a new program to motivate your employees toward 100 % accuracy. In the program you use a system whereby every time an employee performs a task properly you present them with a token. Once they have collected 10 tokens they earn an hour break. If they collect 80 tokens they can have a whole day off. What theory of motivation have you based your program on? a. Maslow's hierarchy of needs b. Equity theory c. Reinforcement theory d. Expectancy theory

c. Reinforcement theory

A recent variation of goal setting theory is a theory that describes a process linking goals and intentions to behaviors. This theory is known as: a. control theory. b. goal oriented theory. c. action theory. d. self-efficacy theory.

c. action theory.

According to Expectancy theory, what are the three factors that determine motivation level? a. expectancy, valence, and force b. pay, valence, and experience c. expectancy, valence, and instrumentality d. expectancy, pay, and valence

c. expectancy, valence, and instrumentality

Which of the following best describes control theory? a. concerns how goal setting translates into job performance b. examines the cognitive processes that intervene between goals and performance c. focuses on how feedback concerning goal progress affects behavior d. compares state-oriented and action-oriented individuals

c. focuses on how feedback concerning goal progress affects behavior

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, which factors are derived from the animal nature of human beings, and underlie job dissatisfaction? a. motivator b. satisfier c. hygiene d. dissatsifier

c. hygiene

The basic principle behind goal setting theory is that people are motivated to engage in specific behaviors because of a. reinforcements. b. perceived equity between their inputs and outputs and those of others. c. internal intentions or objectives. d. incentives

c. internal intentions or objectives.

John sweeps hard and fast whereas Bob sweeps light and slowly. Bob has than John. a. less direction b. more persistence c. less intensity d. less persistence

c. less intensity

assume that Joyce's physiological and safety needs are met, but her other needs are not met. According to Maslow's need hierarchy theory, Joyce is most likely to be motivated by her needs. a. self-actualization b. esteem c. love d. safety

c. love

An internal state that induces a person to engage in specific behaviors is defined as a. intensity. b. stress. c. motivation. d. persistence.

c. motivation.

In Herberg's theory, motivators are similar to Maslow's ____________needs. a. love b. physiological c. self-actualization d. safety

c. self-actualization

Which need is at the top of Maslow's hierarchy? a. love b. physiological c. self-actualization d. esteem

c. self-actualization

Erin believes that she is not a good math student. Her for mathematical tasks is low. a. self-esteem b. valence c. self-efficacy d. action control

c. self-efficacy

Which theory of motivation has been the most useful for I/O psychologists? a. Reinforcement theory b. Needs hierarchy theory c. Equity theory d. Goal setting theory

d. Goal setting theory

Which of the following is NOT a drawback of goal setting theory? a. Difficult goals can lower performance when stress is high. b. Complex jobs and multiple goals are associated with lower performance. c. Working on one goal can prevent achieving another. d. Lack of research support.

d. Lack of research support.

A person who is primarily concerned with enhancing knowledge and skill has what type of goal orientation? a. Education orientation b. Learning orientation c. Working orientation d. Performance orientation

d. Performance orientation

In which of the following situations is Person A experiencing overpayment inequity? a. Person A: inputs = 10, outcomes = 10 Person B: inputs = 20, outcomes = 20 b. Person A: inputs = 20, outcomes = 40 Person B: inputs = 10, outcomes = 30 c. Person A: inputs = 20, outcomes = 5 Person B: inputs = 40, outcomes = 10 d. Person A: inputs = 20, outcomes = 20 Person B: inputs = 40, outcomes = 20

d. Person A: inputs = 20, outcomes = 20 Person B: inputs = 40, outcomes = 20

Which theory of motivation claims that motivation and performance are determined, at least in part, by how effective people believe they can be? a. Reinforcement theory b. Needs theory c. Instrumentality theory d. Self-efficacy theory

d. Self-efficacy theory

When using equity theory to compare employees, what is most important? a. Which employee has more inputs. b. Which employee has more outputs. c. Which employee has the greatest sum of outputs and inputs. d. The ratio of inputs to outputs.

d. The ratio of inputs to outputs.

According to Equity Theory, which is NOT an action an employee will take in response to feelings of inequity? a. change inputs b. change outputs c. withdraw from the work situation d. change valence

d. change valence

Self-efficacy is most similar to the concept of in expectancy theory. a. self-confidence b. valence c. instrumentality d. expectancy

d. expectancy

I am confident that if I work hard I will perform well. I strongly desire a promotion, and know that good performance is essential. Unfortunately, I suspect that I won't get promoted even if I perform well. In this case my __________is high, and my______ is low. a. valence is; expectancy and instrumentality are b. instrumentality and valence are; expectancy is c. instrumentality is; expectancy and valence are d. expectancy and valence are; instrumentality is

d. expectancy and valence are; instrumentality is

With systems, rewards are contingent on individual units of productivity. a. implicit reward b. expectancy reward c. tangible pay d. incentive

d. incentive

According to psychologists the amount of effort a person expends at doing a task is a. persistence. b. direction. c. motivation. d. intensity.

d. intensity.

The need theory approach to motivation views motivation as resulting from which of the following? a. reinforcements b. people's values and perceptions of fairness c. people's beliefs about themselves d. people's desires for certain things

d. people's desires for certain things

________ theories of motivation deal with processes that are close to the behavior. a. distal b. need c. organizational d. proximal

d. proximal

Which theory of motivation discussed in the text does NOT deal with internal states? a. equity theory b. expectancy theory c. self-efficacy theory d. reinforcement theory

d. reinforcement theory

The phrase "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again," expresses the need for a. intensity of behavior. b. direction of behavior. c. persistence of behavior. d. self-efficacy regarding behavior

d. self-efficacy regarding behavior