Chapter 8 - Stress

When and what is the secondary appraisal?

How people cope with the various stressors they face

What is a long-term effect of high levels of challenge stressors?

Illness, presentism and ultimately a downward spiral of performance and health

What is the difference in instrumental and emotional support?

Instrumental support helps to address the demand directly Emotional support helps to address the emotional distress

What are challenge stressors? Name three examples

Opportunities for learning, growth and achievement 1. Time pressure 2. Work complexity 3. Work responsibility

What are the three types of strain?

Strains are the result of stressors 1. Physiological strains (affect four body systems) 2. Psychological strains (example burnout) 3. Behavioural strains (unhealthy behaviour)

What is the definition of stressors?

The demands that cause people to experience stress

What is cognitive coping?

Thoughts to deal with stress

What is the relation between challenge stressors and job performance/organizational commitment?

A weak/moderate positive relation (higher levels of challenge stressors ensure stronger relationships)

Name three examples of non-work hindrance stressors

1. Work-family conflict 2. Negative life events 3. Financial uncertainty

Name three examples of behavioural methods that are problem focused

1. Working harder 2. Seek assistance 3. Acquiring additional resources

What is the relation between hindrance stressors and job performance?

A weak negative relation (due to strains and negative emotions)

What is emotion-focused coping?

Behaviour and cognition to manage own reaction

What is problem-focused coping?

Behaviour and cognition to manage the stressful situation

How are jobs called that tend not to be appraised as stressful?

Benign job demands

Name three examples of cognitive methods that are emotion focused

1. Avoiding, distancing and ignoring 2. Look for positive in the negative 3. Reappraising the situation

What are the two factors that influence the choice of a particular coping strategy?

1. Effectiveness of coping strategies in addressing different demands. People choose the strategy that meet the demand they face 2. Degree of control. Less control when perceived as a hindrance rather than a challenge

Name three examples of behavioural methods that are emotion focused

1. Engage in alternative activities 2. Seeking support 3. Venting anger

Name three examples of non-work challenge stressors

1. Family time demands 2. Personal development 3. Positive life events

What are the two types of stressors and in what dimension do they occur?

1. Hindrance stressors (work and non-work) 2. Challenge stressors (work and non-work)

Name three examples of cognitive methods that are problem focused

1. Strategising 2. Self-motivating 3. Changing priorities

In what order can stress be managed?

1. Stress audit (assess degree organization goes through changes and center on the work itself) 2. Reducing stressors (eliminate or reduce stressful demands, sabbatical) 3. Providing resources (training interventions, supportive practices) 4. Reducing strains (relaxation techniques, cognitive-behavioural techniques and health and wellness programs)

What are the two individual factors that account for how people cope with stress?

1. Type A (ambitious) or B behaviour pattern 2. Social support (instrumental/emotional)

What is the relation between hindrance stressors and organisational commitment?

A strong negative relation (being dissatisfying to other people)

Why is a coping strategy important?

Because it determines how effectively people can meet or adapt to the different stressors.

What is coping and what are the four different categories?

Coping is managing stressful demands and the emotions associated with it 1. Behavioural coping 2. Cognitive coping 3. Problem-focused coping 4. Emotion-focused coping

Draw the stress model

Draw the model from on the book/summary. Behaviour pattern -> stressros -> stress + social support ->strains

What is the transactional theory of stress?

Explains how stressors are perceived and appraised, as well as how people respond to those perceptions and appraisals.

What are hindrance stressors? Name four examples

Hindering progress toward accomplishments 1. Role conflict (conflict in expectations_ 2. Role ambiguity (lack of information) 3. Role overload (more prevalent than ambiguity/conflict) 4. Daily hassles (extremely time consuming)

What is behavioural coping?

Physical activities to deal with stress

What is the definition of stress?

Psychological response to demands that possess certain stakes for the person and that tax or exceed the person's capacity or resources.

What are strains?

The negative consequences that occur when a situation demands tax or exceed a person's capacity or resources

When and what is the primary appraisal?

When people evaluate the significance and the meaning of the stressor they're confronting for the first time.