chapter 9

The "vocabulary spurt," when it happens, usually begins at approximately ______ months.

18 months

Which of the following statements is true regarding common first words?

A child's first words are usually things that he or she is familiar with.

Which statements are true about fast mapping?

It explains children's ability to quickly learn the connection between a word and its referent. It allows children to learn word meanings in a deeper sense.

Match the language sounds or words with the ages at which children begin using the sounds or words.

Two-word utterances - 18 to 24 months of age Cooing- 2 to 4 months Crying -birth Babbling- 6 months First word spoken- 13 months

When learning a second language, which group tend to learn faster but attain a lower final level of second-language attainment?

adults

As children enter school, they learn the ______ principle—the fact that the letters of the alphabet represent sounds of the language. Multiple choice question.

alphabetic

What is the term for the loss or impairment of language processing?

aphasia

A young child who says, "Where Daddy is going?" or "What that girl is doing?" has yet to fully understand which of the following?

auxiliary-inversion rule

A good example of satire is:

caricatures

Which view of language acquisition emphasizes both the biological and the experiential contribution to language development?

interactionist view

is naming objects that children seem interested in.

labeling

Broca's area and Wernick's area are two regions of the brain involved in ______ that were discovered in studies of brain-damaged individuals.

language

______ is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols.

language

Which term refers to an implied comparison between unlike things?

metahpor

______ awareness refers to knowledge about language, such as knowing the definition of a preposition or being able to discuss language sounds.

metalinguisic

______ refers to the units of meaning involved in word formation.

morphology

The approach to reading instruction that emphasizes the importance of teaching the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds is called the ______ approach

phonics

An example of ______ is how in English some words start with sch as in school, but no words start with the cluster chs

phonology

______ involves how sounds are used and how sounds are combined.

phonology

Bilingualism has a ______ effect on children's language and cognitive development.

positive

During middle and late childhood, children also make progress in understanding how to use language in culturally appropriate ways, which is best described as:

pragmantics

When using two-word utterances, children also rely heavily on all of the following to convey meaning EXCEPT:

pragmantics

With what is Broca's area associated?

production of words

We understand that the word boy refers to a child and the word man refers to an adult because we understand:

semantics

For late language learners like adolescents and adults, it is easier to learn new ______ than it is to learn new sounds or new grammar.

vocabulary

Children who are fluent in two languages perform better than their single-language counterparts in all of the following areas, EXCEPT:

vocabulary size

By the time a child is 3 years old he or she can produce all of the ______ sounds.

vowel

Which of the following activities is LEAST likely to aid in the development of preschoolers' literacy skills?

watching tv

At what age do children begin to transition from simple sentences to complex sentences?

24 to 36 months

Michael is beginning to print his first name; Michael is most likely how old?

4

At what age do infants begin gesturing?

8-12 months

What new skills do children gain upon entering school?

Ability to recognize and talk about sounds Increasing use of language to talk about things that are not physically present Knowledge of what a word is

Which statement is true of children in early elementary grades that reverse letters such as b and d and p and q?

Absent other developmental problems, it does not predict literacy problems.

What does research on infants' recognition of language sounds demonstrate?

By their first birthday, infants lose the ability to recognize differences in sounds not important in their own language.

Which of the following are social interactions that are important in language development?

Caregiver responsiveness Joint attention Gaze following

Select all of the following that are ways to learn words.

Children learn words for things that interest them. Children learn words when they hear them often. Children learn words when grammar and vocabulary are considered.

How many rule systems are involved in language organization?

Five

Which of the following is NOT a metacognitive strategy of effective reading teachers?

Focusing on each individual word

Which of the following statements about the role of TV in language development is accurate?

It is only effective if a caregiver cowatches it and communicates about it with the child.

Which of the following are true about reading development for English speakers?

Learning to read English is difficult because of its irregular spellings and pronunciations. Phonological awareness is an important skill in learning to read English. Rates of dyslexia are higher in countries that speak English than those with phonetically pronounced alphabet scripts.

Which of the following can teachers use to encourage writing skills?

Peer assistance Strategy instruction Summarization

Which of the following terms refers to the appropriate use of language in different contexts?

Pragmatics

Which of the following are characteristic of the whole-language approach?

Reading is connected with listening and writing skills. Children are given material in its complete form, such as stories and poems. Reading is integrated with other skills and subjects, such as science and social studies.

Which statement is true regarding telegraphic speech?

Telegraphic speech is not limited to two words.

Which of the following is NOT among the evidence supporting the concept of a language acquisition device (LAD)?

The LAD has been identified as a physical structure in the brain.

If an infant exhibits a lack of pointing in his communication system, which statement is most likely to be true?

The infant might have a problem in his communication system and should be assessed for possible developmental disabilities.

Before learning to read, which must a child be able to do?

Use language to talk about things that are not present Learn how to recognize and talk about sounds Learn what a word is

Which of the following are components of language

Words used by a community Rules for combining words Rules for varying words

Which statements describe the advances in pragmatics in early childhood?

Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations. Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting. Young children are able to present competent narratives.

Which of the following vocalizations do infants start to make around the middle of the first year of life?

babbling

A byproduct of subtractive bilingualism is that children:

become ashamed of their home language.

Which skills are most important to becoming a good writer?

being receptive to feedback monitoring writing progress organization and logical reasoning skills

According to research, early vocabulary development predicts better outcomes five years later in all of the following areas EXCEPT:

billingualism

Which of the following is key to the development of young children's vocabulary? Multiple choice question.

consideration of grammar and vocabularfy

Which of the following is key to the development of young children's vocabulary?

consideration of grammar and vocabulary

What term describes the sound infants begin to make at 2 to 4 months?

cooing

In statistical learning, infants soak up statistical regularities in the world through:

exposure

For an infant, statistical learning involves:

extracting information from the world to learn about the environment.

True or false: Phonological awareness is critical to learning to read in every language.

false

mapping describes the ability of children to make an initial connection between a word and its referent after limited exposure.

fast

As children's processing of words and passages becomes more automatic, their reading becomes more:

fluent

Which of the following is NOT one of the five systems of rules of language?

generativity

An infant waving bye-bye is an example of ________.

gesture

"See kitty" is an example of a two-word utterance that a child would use for the purpose of:

identifying

The development of a sense of who we are during adolescence and the adult years is called our:

identity

Adolescents can think abstractly. This enables them to create a comparison between unlike things, which is called a:

metaphor

The use of plural and possessive forms of nouns, prepositions, and the various forms of the verb to be demonstrates a child's understanding of:

morphology rules

Which theorist believed that humans are biologically programmed to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way?

noam chomsky

The first words for English-speaking and Romance-language-speaking infants are usually:

nouns

What cognitive ability is especially important for good writing?

organization

According to research, which of the following methods should be emphasized in reading instruction?

phonics

An increasing number of experts in the field of reading now conclude that a key aspect in learning to read is direct instruction in

phonics

In the ______ approach to reading instruction, the main focus is learning the rules for translating written symbols (the printed alphabet) into sounds.

phonics

Rebecca, a 6-year-old, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two-year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations. This is primarily due to Rebecca's greater understanding of:

pragmatics

When you ask a question and then pause to wait for the answer, you are demonstrating that you understand:

pragmatics

Parents and teachers who provide a rich verbal learning environment for children do which of the following to attain positive outcomes? (Choose every correct answer.)

read to them pay attention to what children try to say label things in their environment

The rephrasing of something the child has said, perhaps by turning it into a question or restating an immature utterance in a grammatically correct sentence, describes:

recasting

vocabulary refers to words a child understands.

receptive

Kuhl's research showed that in the first six months of life infants are "citizens of the world," meaning they:

recognize sound changes no matter what the language.

The use of irony, derision, or wit to expose folly or wickedness is described as:

satire

The meaning of words and sentences is called

semantics

Words a child uses are called ______ vocabulary.

spoken

Some immigrant children go from being monolingual in their home language to being bilingual in that language and in English, only to end up as monolingual speakers of English. What is the term for this phenomenon?

subtractive bilingualism

We realize that the sentence "You didn't stay, didn't you?" is unacceptable and ambiguous because we understand:

syntax

Young children learn early to place a wh- word at the beginning of a sentence when properly asking a question. This shows advances in:

syntax

The use of short and precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives is called

telegraphic speech

The difficulty in retrieving words that occurs more often in late adulthood is referred to as

tip of tongue

True or false: Before learning to read, children generally learn to use language to talk about things that are not present, learn what a word is, and learn how to recognize sounds and talk about them.

true

True or false: Researchers suggest that instruction to enhance U.S. children's ability to read and write should be built on skills that the children already know.

true

True or false: Students in the United States are far behind their counterparts in many developed countries in learning a second language.

true

The word helper has ______ morphemes.

two

Little Becky thinks only lollipops should be called candy. What linguistic mistake is she making?

underextension

The tendency to apply a word too narrowly is called:

underextension

The only technologically advanced Western nation that does NOT have a national foreign-language requirement at the high school level is:

united states

In terms of sentence structure, the idea that language users cannot process subjects and objects arranged in too complex a fashion is

universal across language

Someone who has poor comprehension and often produces fluent but incomprehensible speech may have damage to what region of the brain?

wernickjd area

Which of the following is LEAST likely to increase students' writing competence?

whole langauage insgtruction

Which of the following is LEAST likely to increase students' writing competence?whole l

whole language instruction

In classrooms adopting a ______ approach, beginning readers are taught to recognize words or even entire sentences and to use the context of what they read to guess at the meaning of words.

whole-language