Chapter 9-15 Unit test

Qing Dynasty

Ruling dynasty of China from 1644 to 1912; the Qing rulers were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China. (Pronounced ching)

indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Cortéz, Hernán

Spanish conquistador (1485-1547) who led the expedition that conquered the Aztec Empire in modern Mexico.

Jizya

Special tax paid by dhimmis in Muslim ruled territory in return for freedom of practice own religion

Shaykhs

Sufi teachers, attracted circle of disciples, often founded individual schools of Sufism

hijra

The "flight" of Muhammad and his original 70 followers from Mecca to Yathrib (later Medina) in 622 C.E.; journey marks starting point of Islamic calendar

Columbian Exchange

The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization.

Akbar

The most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire (1556-1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion.

hajj

The pilgrimage to Mecca enjoined on every Muslim who's able to make the journey; one of the five pillars of Islam

hadiths

Traditions passed on about the saying or actions of Muhammad and his immediate followers; rank second only to Quran as a source of Islamic law

Timur

Turkic warrior who attempted to restore the Mongol empire. Armies brought devastation to Russia, Persia and India. Died while planning invasion of China. Empire fell apart due to disagreements among his successors.

Fulbe

West Africa's largest pastoral society

Songhay Empire

West Africa. emerged in the second half of the fifteenth century. Became a major center of Islamic learning and commerce. Islam was limited largely to urban elites in the empire. Sonni Ali

shogun

a general who ruled japan in the emperor's name

monopoly

a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller

cartaz

a pass that portuguese required of all merchant vessels attempting to trade in indian ocean

The political culture of post-Roman Western Europe possessed all EXCEPT which of the following? a. A church more independent from the state than was the case in the Byzantine Empire b. A more powerful and centralized political structure than China c. A complete lack of politically independent cities d. Political authority exercised exclusively by the Pope

a. A church more independent from the state than was the case in the Byzantine Empire

In 1258, invading Mongols sacked ______________ and killed the last Abbasid caliph. a. Baghdad b. Damascus c. Cairo d. Mecca e. Babylon

a. Baghdad

Which of the following was NOT a similarity between the establishment of Buddhism in China and Christianity in Western Europe? a. Both the Buddhist and Christian establishments built hierarchies modeled on their respective empires. b. Reformers often accused both Buddhist and Christian establishments of forgetting their central spiritual missions. c. Both Buddhism and Christianity appealed to recently settled nomadic rulers who sought legitimacy for their rule. d. Both Buddhist and Christian monasteries offered relative freedom from male control for substantial numbers of women.

a. Both the Buddhist and Christian establishments built hierarchies modeled on their respective empires.

In the early ninth century C.E., the new state of ____________ emerged along the Dnieper River, stimulated by trade between Scandinavia and Byzantium. a. Kievan Rus b. Hungary c. Bulgaria d. Armenia e. Russia

a. Kievan Rus

Spanish Christians who adopted Arabic language and cultural practices were known as ___________________. a. Mozarabs b. quislings c. mariscos d. Sufis e. people of the book

a. Mozarabs

All EXCEPT which of the following is among the Pillars of Islam? a. Respect for divinely appointed authority b. Generous giving to the needy c. Fasting during the month of Ramadan d. Regular prayer at specified times

a. Respect for divinely appointed authority

Which of the following was NOT true of most Sufis? a. They actively allied with governments to further their religious teachings. b. They often renounced the material world. c. They described union with the divine in metaphors of intoxication or the embrace of a lover. d. They sought a direct and personal contact with God.

a. They actively allied with governments to further their religious teachings.

The thirteenth-century theologian _________________ thoroughly integrated Aristotle's ideas into a logical and systematic presentation of Christian doctrine. a. Thomas Aquinas b. Abelard of Bath c. Tertullian d. Anselm of Canterbury e. Bernard of Clairvaux

a. Thomas Aquinas

Of which region is it true that Islam spread especially among merchants, thanks to their inclusion in a major Islamic trading network, rather than through conquest and Islamic rule? a. West Africa b. Anatolia c. India d. Persia

a. West Africa

On orders from the Byzantine emperors, the Eastern Orthodox church between 726 and 843 C.E. conducted a policy known as _______________ that resulted in the destruction of much-loved religious images. a. iconoclasm b. the crusades c. caesaropapism d. patriarchalism e. augustism

a. iconoclasm

The leaders of the Shia sect of Islam were known as ____________. a. imams b. emirs c. qadis d. Husaynists e. caliphs

a. imams

Even after the collapse of the Roman Empire, much that was classical or Roman persisted in Western Europe because a. the Germanic peoples who conquered the region had already been substantially Romanized before their conquests. b. despite the Germans bringing their own culture with them, the prestige of things Roman remained high. c. some ambitious Germanic leaders hoped to reconstruct the Roman Empire under their own rule. d. all of the above.

a. the Germanic peoples who conquered the region had already been substantially Romanized before their conquests. b. despite the Germans bringing their own culture with them, the prestige of things Roman remained high. c. some ambitious Germanic leaders hoped to reconstruct the Roman Empire under their own rule. * d. all of the above.

In Western Europe, the multicentered political system made up of competing states and a three-way struggle for power within states between kings, warrior aristocrats, and Church leaders resulted in a. the achievement of an unusual independence for urban-based merchants. b. the Roman Catholic Church losing its political authority as Western rulers developed their own version of caesaropapism. c. a slowing in technological development, because of the devastation of war. d. all of the above.

a. the achievement of an unusual independence for urban-based merchants.

Which of the following was NOT a factor that left the western part of the Roman Empire more vulnerable to collapse than the eastern half at the end of the fourth century c.E.? a. The western portion was if anything wealthier than the eastern portion, but squandered its resources foolishly. b. The western portion possessed a much less easily defended capital. c. The western portion had a longer frontier to defend than the eastern portion. d. The western portion possessed a weaker army and navy.

a.The western portion was if anything wealthier than the eastern portion, but squandered its resources foolishly.

signares

african mistresses of french traders

In 750 an Arab dynasty known as the ______________ overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. a. Seljukids b. Abbasids c. Tamarids d. Ayyubids e. Alids

b. Abbasids

In the seventh century c.E., the Byzantine Empire lost large swaths of its territory along the coast of North Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean to a. a resurgent Persian Empire. b. Arab forces. c. Western crusaders. d. the Ottoman Turks.

b. Arab forces. *The rapid expansion of the Islamic Arab Empire included their conquest of substantial Byzantine territories, although a more compact Byzantine Empire survived and remained a major force in the Eastern Mediterranean

____________ were groups of laywomen in northern Europe, often from poorer families, who lived together, practiced celibacy, and devoted themselves to weaving and to working with the sick, the old, and the poor. a. Anchoresses b. Beguines c. Nuns d. Bishops e. Guilds

b. Beguines

Which of the following peoples was NOT a significant transmitter of Islam to other populations? a. Arabs b. Egyptians c. Turks d. Persians

b. Egyptians

Which of the following is NOT a reason why Anatolia was much more Islamized than India was? a. The Christian institutions of Anatolia were left leaderless and in disarray after the Turkic invasion. b. Lower-class Christians found Islam particularly attractive. c. Many more Muslim Turks settled in Anatolia than in India. d. Sufis established social services that took the place of Christian organizations.

b. Lower-class Christians found Islam particularly attractive.

The founding prophet of Islam was _______________, who had a series of revelations beginning in 610 C.E. a. Ishmael b. Muhammad c. Zoroaster d. Khadija e. Ali

b. Muhammad

Which of the following was NOT a reason for the rapid spread of Islam in seventh-century Arabia? a. The new faith was religiously appealing. b. Muhammad imposed the new religion by force on the peoples he and his followers conquered. c. Successful Muslim raiding promised material gain to members of the faith. d. Muhammad crafted a series of marriage alliances with leading tribes.

b. Muhammad imposed the new religion by force on the peoples he and his followers conquered.

The Islamic intellectuals who argued that truth could be more certainly reached by reason rather than through revelation were known as _________________. a. Sufis b. Mutazalites c. rationalists d. ulama e. Mozarabs

b. Mutazalites

Early Islam offered all EXCEPT which of the following incentives to conversion? a. Converts did not have to pay a special tax imposed on non-Muslims. b. Only Muslims were safe from having their land and property confiscated by Muslim rulers. c. A string of Muslim successes led people to believe that Islam was the true religion. d. Conversion opened the door to official positions in government.

b. Only Muslims were safe from having their land and property confiscated by Muslim rulers.

Beyond the Byzantine Empire, the Eastern Orthodox faith spread most extensively into ______________. a. Hungary and Poland b. Russia and the Ukraine c. Spain and France d. the Holy Roman Empire e. all of the aboves

b. Russia and the Ukraine

________________ is a religion blending elements of Hinduism and Islam that developed in sixteenth-century India. a. Shiism b. Sikhism c. Zoroastrianism d. Baha'i e. Sufism

b. Sikhism

In 751, Arab armies crushingly defeated the forces of China at the Battle of ____________. a. Adrianople b. Talas River c. Beijing d. Tours e. Yellow River

b. Talas River

Which of the following was a long-term impact of the crusades? a. The crusades weakened significantly the influence of Turkic-speaking peoples in the Islamic world. b. The crusades led to Western Christendom conquering the Muslim regions of the Iberian Peninsula. c. Animosity from the crusades ended the flow of Muslim learning into Europe. d. The large-scale conversion of Middle Eastern peoples to Christianity occurred.

b. The crusades led to Western Christendom conquering the Muslim regions of the Iberian Peninsula.

Which of the following is an authentic teaching of Muhammad? a. Women are spiritually inferior to men. b. The umma or community of believers is more important than tribal, racial, or ethnic identities. c. Allah is the chief god of an extensive pantheon of gods. d. It is proper and praiseworthy to convert non-Muslims by force.

b. The umma or community of believers is more important than tribal, racial, or ethnic identities.

With regard to women, the growth of cities in Western Europe after 1000 a. led at first to women losing the right to practice traditional professions, although from the 1300s they regained their rights. b. at first allowed women to participate in many professions, although by the fifteenth century opportunities were declining. c. led to technological innovations that gave women greater opportunities than in the past. d. led essentially to conditions of gender equality.

b. at first allowed women to participate in many professions, although by the fifteenth century opportunities were declining.

In the Byzantine Empire, the term _____________ referred to the intimate ties of the Church to the state through the authority of the emperor to appoint the patriarch. a. augustism b. caesaropapism c. patriarchalism d. iconoclasm e. divine right

b. caesaropapism

The _______________ was Muhammad's successor as political leader of the Islamic world. a. emir b. caliph c. qadi d. ayatollah e. sultan

b. caliph

When scholars refer to Western Europe as a "hybrid civilization," they are referring to the combination, after the collapse of the Roman Empire, of elements of a. Byzantine and Slavic cultures to produce a new civilization. b. classical Roman, Germanic, and Celtic cultures to produce a new civilization. c. Slavic and Germanic cultures to produce a new civilization. d. Byzantine and Celtic cultures to produce a new civilization.

b. classical Roman, Germanic, and Celtic cultures to produce a new civilization. *Western Europe emerged as an especially dynamic, expansive, and innovative "third wave" civilization, combining elements of its classical past with the culture of Germanic and Celtic peoples.

A good example of Europeans building on rather than just borrowing technologies from other civilizations is a. the compass. b. gunpowder cannon. c. paper-making. d. none of the above.

b. gunpowder cannon.

In Western Europe after the collapse of the Roman Empire in 476 c.E., a. only Rome was able to maintain its population at nearly a million. b. outside Italy, long-distance trade largely vanished. c. more land came under cultivation than at the height of the Roman Empire. d. Odoacer rapidly restored large-scale centralized rule.

b. outside Italy, long-distance trade largely vanished.

With regard to the conversion of Western Europe to Christianity, a. Pope Gregory succeeded in converting numerous peoples only after he ordered missionaries to destroy pagan temples upon their arrival in communities. b. the Church was willing to accommodate a considerable range of earlier cultural practices, by absorbing them into an emerging Christian tradition. c. the Church pursued a bottom-up strategy, converting the people before they sought to convert their rulers. d. the Church and their allies among Christian rulers never used coercion to convert communities because such conversions were not considered valid.

b. the Church was willing to accommodate a considerable range of earlier cultural practices, by absorbing them into an emerging Christian tradition.

Ultimately, in 1453 Constantinople fell to _______________. a. the Arabs b. the Ottoman Turks c. Western European crusaders d. the Mongols e. Vladimir of Kiev

b. the Ottoman Turks

The Byzantine Empire a. fell along with the Persian Empire to Arab forces in the eighth century. b. transmitted ancient Greek learning to both western Europe and the Islamic world. c. produced few products with which to trade along the Silk Roads. d. was able to bring the eastern and western branches of the Christian Church back together under its leadership.

b. transmitted ancient Greek learning to both western Europe and the Islamic world.

The Byzantine state a. feared rebellion, so it strictly separated civil and military authority in the provinces by banning generals from raising armies from the peasantry of their regions. b. was ruled over by a an emperor who claimed to be God's earthly representative. c. possessed an imperial court where outward grandeur was frowned upon and court ceremony kept to a minimum. d. touched more on the lives of its subjects than the government of any other region of the world, regulating almost every aspect of a subject's public and private life.

b. was ruled over by a an emperor who claimed to be God's earthly representative.

trading post empire

built initially by the portuguese, these were used to control the trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to pay at trading sites

Nomadic Arabs are known as _________________. a. Shaykhs b. Masai c. Bedouins d. Persians e. Copts

c. Bedouins

The ruler of the Carolingian Empire, _________________, was crowned emperor on Christmas day of the year 800. a. Odoacer b. Otto c. Charlemagne d. Gregory e. Aquinas

c. Charlemagne

The Arabic term jihad can mean all EXCEPT which of the following? a. Armed struggle against the forces of unbelief b. Spiritual striving toward living a God-conscious life c. Forcible conversion of conquered peoples d. Defense of the umma from the threat of infidel aggression

c. Forcible conversion of conquered peoples

Which of the following was a feature of Byzantine society adopted by the Rus? a. Roman Catholic faith b. The Greek language c. Political ideas concerning imperial control of the church d. All of the above

c. Political ideas concerning imperial control of the church *Rus leaders emulated their Byzantine counterparts in their efforts to claim authority over the Orthodox Church in their kingdoms.

As far as world conquerors go, subject peoples would have approved of the Arab rulers of the seventh and eighth centuries for all EXCEPT which of the following reasons? a. Rulers restricted Arab armies of occupation to garrison towns, segregated from the native populations. b. Rulers were happy to accept local elites into the empire. c. Rulers gave special tax breaks to subjects who were "people of the book." d. Rulers did not force their new subjects to convert to Islam.

c. Rulers gave special tax breaks to subjects who were "people of the book."

Which of the following statements is the best definition of Sikhism? a. Sikhism is a religion that grew out of a union of Islam and Judaism in the Middle East. b. Sikhism is a philosophy that advocates Muslim tolerance of other "people of the book." c. Sikhism blended elements of Hinduism and Islam to create a new religion. d. Sikhism is Islamic mysticism in India.

c. Sikhism blended elements of Hinduism and Islam to create a new religion.

Which of the following was NOT a basis for Islamic law (sharia)? a. The Quran b. Human reason c. The Bible d. The hadiths

c. The Bible

The West African city of ______________ had more than 150 Quranic schools and thousands of more advanced scholars by the sixteenth century. a. Fez b. Mecca c. Timbuktu d. Ghana e. Istanbul

c. Timbuktu

After 500 c.E. the Byzantine Empire was substantially weakened by invasions by all EXCEPT which of the following? a. Arabs b. Crusaders c. Vikings d. Turks

c. Vikings *Even though the Vikings raided with destructive consequences especially along the coasts and up the navigable rivers of Western Europe, they had a much less destructive impact on the Byzantine Empire with which they usually traded.

In the late tenth century, Prince _________________ of Kievan Rus converted to the Eastern Orthodox faith. a. Constantine b. Cyril c. Vladimir d. Justinian e. Odoacer

c. Vladimir

Which of the following statements about women in early Islam is TRUE? a. The Quran teaches that women should be veiled when in public. b. Divorce could only be initiated by the husband. c. Women had the right to control their own property. d. Men could have as many wives as they could afford to keep.

c. Women had the right to control their own property.

The _________________ are traditions about the sayings or deeds of Muhammad, regarded as authoritative for proper Muslim practice. a. sharia b. ulama c. hadiths d. Shia e. mullahs

c. hadiths

Studied in Faculties of Arts rather than Faculties of Theology at medieval universities in Western Europe, the scientific study of nature, known as _____________, began to separate itself from theology. a. logic b. alchemy c. natural philosophy d. unnatural philosophy e. queen of the sciences

c. natural philosophy

The Orthodox Christian church ______________________________. a. was primarily for the elite with little direct impact on the general population. b. was less closely controlled by the Byzantine emperor than the Latin Christian church was by western European rulers. c. possessed a dense network of bishops and priests that brought the message of the church to every corner of the empire. d. prohibited the use of icons from the very beginning e. sought to align itself with rather than emphasize differences with the emerging Latin Christian church, because of a mutual fear of Islam.

c. possessed a dense network of bishops and priests that brought the message of the church to every corner of the empire.

In comparison to Byzantium, the Latin West before 1000 c.E. a. was more politically unified. b. had a Christian church more firmly under the control of political authorities. c. possessed no city that could compare to the splendor of Constantinople. d. was more integrated into the Silk Roads.

c. possessed no city that could compare to the splendor of Constantinople.

Although often little more than a collection of quarreling principalities, ______________________ emerged out of Otto I of Saxony's efforts to renew Roman rule in the tenth century. a. the Western Roman Empire b. Carolingian Empire c. the Holy Roman Empire d. Frankish Empire e. the Papal States

c. the Holy Roman Empire

As part of the wider Western European expansion, _____________ set off around 1000 C.E. on a maritime trans-Atlantic venture that established colonies in Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland. a. the crusaders b. the Franks c. the Vikings d. the English e. the Irish

c. the Vikings

In the long term, the crusading movement by Western Europeans a. disrupted channels of trade because animosity between Christians and Muslims effectively ended trade between these two cultures for centuries to come. b. brought the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Christian churches closer together as they united in their struggle against the Islamic world. c. was used by Europeans to rationalize later empire building. d. all of the above

c. was used by Europeans to rationalize later empire building. *Europeans continued the crusade notion that "God wills it" in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as they constructed overseas empires, especially in the Americas

Samarkand

capital city of Timur's state. hosted a sophisticated elite culture, combining Turkic and Persian elements

eunuchs

castrated men who were loyal to the emperor who exercised great power.

java

city in indonesia

Why was the Shia branch of Islam formed? a. Its adherents feared that Muslims in conquered lands were "going native" and abandoning Islamic teachings. b. The imam Ali had a new revelation that expanded the teachings of Islam. c. Its adherents believed that Husayn, the son of Ali, was the messiah. d. A leadership crisis occurred, causing division between the Sunnis and the Shiites, who believed that blood relations of Muhammad should rule the Islamic world.

d. A leadership crisis occurred, causing division between the Sunnis and the Shiites, who believed that blood relations of Muhammad should rule the Islamic world.

Enthusiasm for rational inquiry stimulated European scholars during the high Middle Ages to seek out original ancient Greek texts, particularly those of ______________. a. Plato b. Herodotus c. Euripides d. Aristotle e. Sophocles

d. Aristotle

Which of the following Islamic lands was most open in its attitude toward women, allowing them to appear unveiled in public and mingle freely with men to whom they were not related? a. al-Andalus b. Anatolia c. West Africa d. Both b and c

d. Both b and c

Which of the following was a reason for the Arabs' rapid success in establishing their empire in the seventh century C.E.? a. New military technology, most notably use of the crossbow b. The military weakness of the Persian and Byzantine empires c. Religious enthusiasm d. Both b and c

d. Both b and c

Which one of the following civilizations did NOT lose all or part of its territory to the Arab Empire? a. Persian b. Roman/Byzantine c. Egyptian d. Chinese

d. Chinese

Which of the following was NOT true of the Arabian Peninsula before the birth of Islam? a. It was occupied by nomadic Bedouins. b. Some areas had village-based agriculture. c. It was on an important trade route between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. d. It was a strong kingdom that dominated its neighbors.

d. It was a strong kingdom that dominated its neighbors.

The sixth-century Byzantine emperor ____________ led an impressive but short-lived attempt to reconquer the Mediterranean basin. a. Constantine b. Cyril c. Odoacer d. Justinian e. Vladimir

d. Justinian

Which of the following reasons helps to account for the spread of Islam in India? a. The Muslim conquerors of northern India were respectful to the Hindu faith and its temples and holy images, making them appear more sympathetic to the Hindu population. b. Hindus and Turkic Muslims are culturally similar, simplifying relations between the two groups. c. Hinduism and Islam both advocate equality among all believers, making a transition from one to the other faith easy. d. Low-caste Hindus and untouchables found that Islam gave them more rights than did Hinduism.

d. Low-caste Hindus and untouchables found that Islam gave them more rights than did Hinduism.

__________ was declared the "third Rome" after the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks. a. Paris b. Kiev c. Antioch d. Moscow e. Athens

d. Moscow

The early Christian community of ________________ was largely eliminated as the population of the region embraced another faith. a. Armenia b. Ethiopia c. Greece d. North Africa e. all of the above

d. North Africa

Muslim mystics known as _____________ sought a direct and personal experience of God. a. ulama b. emirs c. imams d. Sufis e. caliphs

d. Sufis

Which of the following was NOT something that Islam gave to West Africa in the premodern period? a. A common language, Arabic, for administration and trade b. Religious legitimacy for rulers c. A sense of participation in a wider world d. The concept of the city

d. The concept of the city

The Islamic name for Spain is ____________________. a. el-Alamein b. al-Ghazali c. Iberia d. al-Andalus e. Portugal

d. al-Andalus

. Between 700 and 1000 C.E. Europe suffered repeated invasions by ____________. a. Vikings b. Magyars c. Turks d. both a and b e. both a and c

d. both a and b (Vikings & Magyars)

A feature of the High Middle Ages in Western Europe was a. population growth. b. reemergence of political unity as popes started to take the additional title "Holy Roman Emperor." c. considerable growth in long-distance trade. d. both a and c.

d. both a and c. (population growth & considerable growth in long-distance trade)

Serfs a. was the term commonly used for Christian slaves in Western Europe. b. could be arbitrarily thrown off their land by their masters. c. were the personal property of their masters and because of this were not allowed to live in family units. d. none of the above.

d. none of the above *Serfs were not the personal property of their masters, could not be arbitrarily thrown off their land, and were allowed to live in families. But they were bound to their masters' estates as peasant laborers and owed various payments and services to the lord of the manor.

The ________________ is the community of all Muslim believers, the basis of Islamic society. a. hijra b. zakat c. hajj d. umma e. jihad

d. umma

mass market

developing products and promotions to please large groups of people

banda islands

dutch forcibly took this land and killed almost everybody

The great religious shrine of both pre-Muslim and Muslim Arabia is called the ___________. a. Dome of the Rock b. Temple of Solomon c. Great Shrine d. Great Mosque e. Kaaba

e. Kaaba

Aside from the crusades to the Near East, Western European crusaders were active _______________. a. in Ireland b. along the coast of the Baltic Sea c. on the Iberian Peninsula d. both a and c e. both b and c

e. both b and c (along the coast of the Baltic Sea & on the Iberian Peninsula)

In the Islamic Empire, protected subjects who followed other "religions of the book" besides Islam were known as __________________. a. serfs b. jizya c. berbers d. helots e. dhimmis

e. dhimmis

Formal colleges known as ______________ were established in the Islamic world beginning in the eleventh century. a. hadiths b. Quranic schools c. ulama d. mosques e. madrassas

e. madrassas

In 1300, Western Europe was more economically developed than _____________________. a. Byzantium b. China c. India d. the Islamic world e. none of the above

e. none of the above

The body of Islamic law, concerned with both religious and social life, is known as the ______________. a. jizya b. umma c. hadith d. ulama e. sharia

e. sharia

Turkic rule of India became more systematic with the establishment of _______________ in 1206. a. the Seljuk Empire b. the Abbasid caliphate c. the Ottoman Empire d. Sikhism e. the Sultanate of Delhi

e. the Sultanate of Delhi

mercantilism

economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

capitalism

economic system based on money

tokugawa shogunate

feudal warlord rulers of japan, responsible for closing japan off from the rest of the world, overthrown

Sonni Ali

fifteenth century monarch of Songhay emperor. showed proper Islamic behavior but also enjoyed a reputation as a magician. shows that Islam was not predominant in the Songhay empire.

Kaaba

great stone shrine in Mecca, major pilgrimage center for worshippers of many different deities before reconstructed to monotheistic use by Muhammad

Zheng He

head of the massive Chinese fleet. expeditions served to establish Chinese power and prestige in the indian ocean and to exert Chinese control over foreign trade in the area. expanded the tribute system

british royal african company

how were slaves distributed in british colonies

potosi

in bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial spanish america

philip ii

king of spain, 1556-1598, autocrat

iroquios People

located in what is now central New York City. recently became an agricultural village. equality between men and women. maternal lineage.

Sultanate of Delhi

major turkish muslim state established in northern India

Muslim

means "one who submits," name adopted by Muhammad and his followers to describe their submission to god.

silver drain

money coming from europe to pay for the luxury products of east, bulk of worlds silver eventually ended up in china

The Ottoman Empire

most impressive and enduring of the Islamic empires. Huge territory, long duration and incorporation of many diverse peoples. represented the emergence of the Turks as the dominant people of the Islamic world. claimed the legacy of the earlier abbassid empire. "strong sword of islam". fall of Constantinople put ottoman empire as successors to Roman Empire.

ayuba suleiman diallo

muslim african caught in the slave trade, impressed his owner with his knowledge and got his freedom back

prestor john

mythical christian monarch who supposedly lived in africa

slav

original slave from yugoslavia, used before the pope outlawed the use of white/christian slaves

ferdinand magellan

portuguese navigator hired by spain, has a strait named after him

Muhammad Ibn Abdullah

prophet of Islam (570-632C.E.)

Ming Dynasty China

return to the past Hong Wu Yongle

Henry the Navigator

sailed around Africa. Prince of Portugal.

Yongle

second Chinese emperor during the Ming Dynasty. encyclopedia. developed a massive fleet. maintained control through eunuchs. reforestation. repopulation. restored the canal system. heavy rice production

Sikhism

significant syncretic religion, evolved in India, blending elements of Islam and Hinduism, founded by Guru Nanak

mindanao

southern island of the philippines, muslim area able to successfully resist Spanish conquest

3 cores of urban activity in Western Europe

southern spain Italian cities Flemish cities (Netherlands)

mulattoes

term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.

the great dying

term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European borne epidemic diseases on the Americas.

middle passage

the passage in which people took slaves from africa to america

african diaspora

the spreading of africans (mostly slaves) throughout the world through the slave trade

devshirme

the tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps

samurai

warriors in feudal japan

labor intensive

work done by slaves, strenuous and hard, like plantations

dhimmis

"Protected subjects" under Islamic rule, non-Muslims who were allowed to practice their faith as "people of the book" in return for their paying special taxes

Mozarabs

"would be arabs" in Muslim-ruled Spain christians who adopted much of Islamic practices but without actually converting to Islam

Copernicus

(1473-1543) A Polish clergyman who began the Scientific Revolution in astronomy by publishing his treatise on The Revolution of the Celestial Spheres. He claimed the Earth and the planets revolved around the sun.

Galileo

(1564-1642) An Italian who provided more evidence for heliocentrism (sun-centered universe). He invented the telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Because his work provided evidence that the Bible was wrong he was arrested and ended up on house arrest for the rest of his life.

Locke

(1632-1704) Wrote "Two Treatises of Government". Said humans had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to revolt. HUGE influence on American Declaration of Independence.

Newton

(1642-1727) An English natural philosopher who developed the laws of movement found among the bodies of Earth. Spent his life dedicated to the study of mathematics (created calculus) and optics. Discovered the laws of gravity.

The Enlightenment

(1650-1800) the emergence of the belief that the power of human knowledge and reason can improve human society. its scholars shared a critical style, a commitment to open-mindedness, and a hostility to authority.

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Why European Maritime Expeditions never died out

-Europe had no unified political entity to order the end of the fleet -much of europes elite had an interest in overseas expansion -church saw possibility of wide spread conversion

differences between Chinese and European maritime voyages

-Europeans were seeking wealth. -Europeans in search of Christian converts -looking for possible Christian allies -Chinese had no equivalent power to fight, needed no military allies, and required little that the regions produced. no missionary impulse.

Chivalry in the Age of Explorations

-colonization of African Islands -Henry the Navigator -Converted islanders to Christianity -triangle trade-sugar cane established -emerging idea of commercial capitalism, fueled by competition between state

The Aztec Empire

-established by the Mexica People on Lake Texcoco. -highly stratified -many ritualistic activities -slaves captured from war used for sacrifice -Poshteka -Maize, beans and squash-diet -expansion in 1430's. -demise after European interaction -gender parallelism

demise of the Incan Empire

-expanded to ecological limits -friction among people in empire -conquered by Pizarro

Incan Empire

-expansion in 1430's. -established a more beurocratic empire, no elaborate system arose to incorporate conquered people -base in andes mountains-kuzko -incan walls -many cities voluntarily joined the empire -human sacrifice-less violent -pizarro -gender parallelism

European Maritime Voyages

-initiated in 1415 by Portugal -1492-Christopher Columbus -vasco de gama-south Africa -pizzarro-americas

demise of Aztec empire

-people in empire had negative feelings towards the capital -expanded to ecological limits -fell when they were easily conquered by the Europeans

Four major civilizations of the Islamic Empire

1. Ottoman-Turkey 2. Safavid-Persia 3.Songhay-Africa 4. Mughal-India

Ibn Battuta

14th century Arab traveler (1304-1368) who wrote about his extensive journeys throughout the Islamic world

Martin Luther

16th century German monk and professor who is considered to be the person who started the Protestant Reformation; he began by criticizing Church practices (mainly indulgences) and ultimately broke with the Catholic Church to form his own new religious faith

Pillars of Islam

5 arc practices required of Muslims: profession of god (Allah only god), regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca

corporation

A legally recognized "person" with specific rights and protections that is composed of many individuals.

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation, experimentation, logic, and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Sikhism

A sycretic monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by the guru Nanak that blends elements if Islam and Hinduism.

Vodou

African syncretic slave religion primarily in Haiti that developed from the combination of Christianity and old African traditions.

plantation complex

Agricultural System based on African Slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North America.

Igbo People

Agricultural Village Society. East of the Niger River in the heavily forested region in West Africa. Rejected Kingship and state-building efforts. small amounts of trade. "things fall apart"

Counter-Reformation

Also known as the Catholic Reformation; it was an attempt by the Catholic church to win back followers by eliminating the corrupt individuals in the church and suppressing "heresy" in the form of protest against the Church. Began in 16th century.

House of Wisdom

An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad in 830 C.E. by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mamun

Anatolia

Ancient name of Asia Minor, part of Byzantine Empire that was gradually overrun by the Turks and that's now the Republic of Turkey

Battle of Talas River

Arab victory over the Chinese in 751 C.E. that checked Chinese expansion to the west and enabled the conversion of Central Asia to Islam

Jihad

Arabic for "struggle" describes both spiritual striving of each Muslim toward godly life and armed struggle against forces of unbelief and evil

Al-Andalus

Arabic name for Spain (literally "land of the Vandals"), most of which was conquered by Arab and Berber forces in the early 8th century C.E.

95 Theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on October 31, 1517 on a church door in Wittenburg, Germany. These were quickly copied on printing presses and spread around Europe.

Paleolithic Persistance

Australia, Siberia, Africa and the Americas. still hunter gatherer societies into the 1500's.

Tenochtitlan

Aztec capital.

Pochteca

Aztec merchants

Thirty Years' War

Catholic vs. Protestant War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.

Hong Wu

Chinese emperor during the Ming Dynasty. restored confusianism and the examination system. capital moved to bejing

Madrassas

Colleges for higher instruction in teaching of Islam and secular subjects. Founded through Islamic world beginning in 11th century C.E.

settler colonies

Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply sending relative small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America.

Wahhabism

Conservative, puritanical sect of Islam started by Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab in the 18th century; Quran the basis of life; anti-innovation because innovation is brought by outsiders; a branch of Sunni Islam that is the basis of political rule and law in Saudi Arabia today.

Constantinople, 1453

Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II " the conqueror" in 1453, an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium.

Abbasid Caliphate

Dynasty of caliphs who ruled an increasingly fragmented Islamic state from 750 to 1258, eventually becoming little more than figureheads

Great Law of Peace

FIVE NATIONS of iroquios speaking tribes banded together to maintain peace. started ideas of limited government, social equality and personal freedom.

Rightly Guided Caliphs

First 4 rulers of Islamic world after death of Muhammad

madrassa

Formal colleges for higher institutions in the teaching of Islam as well as in secular subjects founded throughout the Islamic world in beginning in the 11th century.

"Dutch Learning"

From 1641-1853, when the country was closed to foreigners; Japan's limited contacts with the Dutch was their only connection to European intellectual developments. Allowed Japan to learn of the scientific and technological revolution in Europe and led them to a speedy modernization.

Al-Ghazali

Great Muslim theologian, legal scholar, and Sufi mystic (1058-1111) who was credited with incorporating Sufism into mainstream Islamic thought

Timbuktu

Great city of West Africa, noted center of Islamic scholarship in 14-16 century

Peninsulares

In the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain; they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas.

Mughal Empire

India. governed a largely non-mulsim population. established a rare period of political unity of india. remarkable effort to blend many hindu groups and a variety of Muslims into an effective partnership.

Sharia

Islamic law, dealing with all matters of both secular and religious life

Sufis

Islamic mystics, many important missionary of Islam in conquered lands, revered as Saints

Ulama

Islamic religious scholars

Imams

Leaders with high religious authority in Shia Islam. 12 imams of early Shia Islam were Muhammad's nephew Ali and his descendants

Ottoman Empire

Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia (modern day Turkey) that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa.

Rise of Malacca

Malacca transformed from a small fishing village to a major Muslim Port city. Blending between all religions. center for Islamic learning.

Jesuits in China

Missionaries in the late 16th and 17th centuries who, inspired by the work of Italian Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success. Main strategy involved accommodating traditional Chinese beliefs instead of openly opposing them.

Marco Polo

Most famous European traveler of middle ages. Travels in China were popular in Europe.

Quran

Most holy text of Islam, recording the revelations given to the prophet Muhammad

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor (1658-1707) who reversed his predecessors' policies of religious tolerance and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy.

Dona Marina

Native American slave from an elite background who in 1519 became Cortez indispensable interpreter and strategist . She accompanied him during his conquest of the Aztec empire and bore him a son. After the conquest she was married off to another conquistador, dying around 1530 CE.

Bedouins

Nomadic Arabs

Ibn Sina

One of the greatest polymaths of the Islamic world (980-1037), a Persian who wrote prolifically on scientific (especially medical) and philosophical issues; he is often known as "Avicenna", the latinized form of his name

Mughal empire

One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims.

Safavid Empire

Persia. leadership was Turkic. emerged from a SUFI religious order founded several centuries earlier. *Forcibly imposed a SHIA version of islam as the official religion of the state-caused a huge divide in the Islamic world