Chapter 9

What conclusions can be drawn from research on gender stereotypes?

- Gender stereotypes exist. - Most members of the stereotyped group accept the stereotype.

Which of the following is true of LGBT people and job discrimination?

- Ninety percent of transgender people report being harassed or mistreated at work. - Transgender people often report being fired for their gender preference.

Which of the following are reasons we rely on stereotypes?

- Pressed for time - Tired - Preoccupied

A group definition of who you are includes which of the following?

- Race - Marital status - Religion - Gender

Select the reasons we classify people into groups.

- Speedy judgments - Simplifying - Predicting

Select all of the following we may need to feel a sense of superiority.

- Status - Belonging - Self-regard

Select all of the following that are social identity theory observations.

- We compare - We identify - We categorize

--- sexism includes beliefs such as "women are wonderful," whereas --- sexism includes beliefs such as "men are smarter and better at politics."

- benevolent - hostile

According to Allport in his book The Nature of Prejudice, which of the following are possible effects of victimization?

- blaming external causes - blaming oneself

As an example of our dual attitude system, prejudice may reflect both --- (conscious) and --- (automatic) attitudes toward the same target.

- explicit - implicit

What are some of the sources of prejudice?

- family values - family socialization - family attitudes

Select all of the motivational sources of prejudice.

- frustration - social identity - competition

Groups we associate ourselves with, such as our own race, religion, or gender, are called ---, whereas groups in which we are not a member, such as other races, are called ---

- ingroups - outgroups

---- are assigned or are prescriptive and tell people how they should act, whereas ---- are descriptive or explanatory and thus explain how people do act.

- norms - stereotype

--- is a negative attitude, whereas is --- negative behavior.

- prejudice - discrimination

In a 2012 National School climate survey ____ of gay-lesbian adolescents reported experiencing sex-related harassment in the prior year.

80 percent

Which of the following personality types favors obedience and is prone to prejudice and stereotyping?

Authoritarian

In studies in the early 2000s, researchers invited people to press buttons quickly to "shoot" or "not shoot" men who suddenly appeared onscreen holding either a gun or a harmless object. Both Black and White participants more often misperceived the object and mistakenly shot harmless targets who were ---

Black

What is the term used when people have the tendency to believe that the world is fair and that people therefore got what they deserve?

Just-world phenomenon

Our stereotypes bias our judgments, but we often evaluate individuals more —- than the groups they compose.

Positively

What is the term used to describe a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members?

Prejudice

A beautiful, young, petite woman comes to lecture, and immediately everyone assumes that she is not smart or educated. The woman assumes everyone thinks she is uneducated and she does not do a very good lecture based on this phenomenon that has occurred called —- threat.

Stereotype

What is the term used when individuals believe that all adolescents are lazy, rude, and participate in drug usage?

Stereotyping

We often hold stereotypes but ignore them when judging an individual we meet or learn about. However, when stereotypes are ——, it does affect our judgments of individuals.

Strong

Someone from the West Coast believes that people who live in New York City are rude and, upon meeting a New Yorker, expects to be treated rudely. In this example, the expectation of rudeness is influenced by a ______.

Strong stereotype

—- is accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of groups.

Subgrouping

When looking at racial prejudice in a global context, every race is ---

a minority

If a retailer would not allow anyone that is balding and looks over the age of 50 to shop in its store, this would be an example of negative behaviors toward a group of people and is exhibiting ---

ageism

Ingroup supports a positive self-concept.

bias

People use group-serving ----, Correct Unavailable to explain away outgroup members' positive behaviors.

bias

Two football teams are asked which team is better, clearly each team will pick their own team as the best, regardless of their win-lose record. This is an example of ingroup ---

bias

We tend to have ingroup --- , which is the tendency to favor one's own group.

bias

--- or organizing people into groups gives us an easy way to make speedy judgments and predict how others will think and act.

classifying

--- is an unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members.

discrimination

Prejudice is having a negative attitude toward groups or individuals, whereas ______ is when those attitudes turn into behaviors toward the group or individual. Multiple choice question. discrimination

discrimination

When someone cannot reach a goal and does not know why, he or she will often vent that frustration by showing hostility toward others. This tendency is called --- aggression, sometimes known as the scapegoat theory.

displaced

Jamal notices suddenly that he's the only boy in a large room full of girls. His uniqueness makes him feel conspicuous, which he feels may cause the girls to treat him differently. Jamal is experiencing ______.

distinctiveness

When considering status and justifying status differences, those with high social --- orientation tend to view people in terms of hierarchies.

dominance

What term is used to describe when individuals believe their ethnic group is better than all other groups?

ethnocentric

Being --- is defined as believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group and having a dislike for all other groups.

ethnocentrism

The nature of prejudice can be categorized into two basic types: blaming oneself and blaming --- causes.

external

True or false: Gender stereotypes do not exist.

false

True or false: Racial prejudice is extinct in countries such as the United States.

false

We tend to think and act positively towards others who share common characteristics with us. This is called ---

favoritism

A potential motivational source of prejudice is ______.

frustration

For North American Christians, which type of religious people are most likely to express prejudice?

fundamentalist

--- stereotypes are people's beliefs about how women and men behave.

gender

A --- definition of who we are includes gender, race, religion, marital status, and academic major.

group

We often grant members of our own group the benefit of the doubt and exhibit --- bias to excuse their negative behavior.

group-serving

The outgroup --- effect means we generally see everyone in an outgroup as similar to each other, not recognizing diversity or distinctiveness in other groups.

homogeneity

Gender attitudes frequently mix benevolent sexism with _____ sexism.

hostile

Belonging to the weightlifting team and having the same sense of achievement is an example of an ----- group.

in

--- bias supports positive self-concept and supports favoritism.

ingroup

Being formed into groups may promote --- bias.

ingroup

What is the term used to describe a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity that inspires them to favor themselves?

ingroup

When asking two groups of children from two different schools, each group will select their own as the best. This is an example of --- bias.

ingroup

Reza is a male, Muslim, and Persian. These group categories that he fits into are his ______.

ingroups

When people are made aware of the gap between how they should feel and how they do feel, self-conscious people try to --- their prejudicial response.

inhibit

Religion is sometimes used to support --- which explains the findings concerning fundamentalist church members' expressions of racism.

injustice

Often our own stereotypes bias our ______.

judgments

The tendency of people to believe that others get what they deserve is known as the ---- phenomenon.

just-world

Children's prejudices, including socialization and attitudes, are influenced by all of the following EXCEPT ______.

mental illness

In the global sense, every race is a ---

minority

______ not only can lead people to be prejudiced but also can lead people to avoid prejudice.

motivations

Stereotyped beliefs and prejudiced attitudes come from ______.

normal thinking processes in most humans

An --- is a large amount of people that perceive themselves as different from or apart from their ingroup.

outgroup

When viewing other groups, the sense that each person is the same as the others, or not recognizing individual uniqueness in members, is called _____.

outgroup homogeneity

We contrast our groups with other groups. The other groups are called the ---

outgroups

Preconceived attitudes that inevitably guide our attention and our memories are called ______.

prejudgments

Authoritarian personality styles are more prone to engage in --- attitudes and stereotyping.

prejudice

Prejudgments are the basis for ---

prejudice

When two groups of people compete, it often can fuel ---. Competition is a source of frustration when one group cannot reach its goal.

prejudice

When understanding prejudice, norms are ---(suggesting how people should behave), whereas stereotypes are descriptive (suggesting how people do behave).

prescriptive

--- is an individual's prejudicial attitude and discriminatory behavior toward people of color.

racism

What is the term used to describe an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race?

racism

Based on studies about automatic racial prejudice, even when race does not bias perception it may bias ---

reaction

In America, concerns about immigrants taking jobs and associated prejudice against them are greatest among those with lower incomes. This is best explained by

realistic conflict group theory.

When social institutions continue historically prejudiced actions, such as denying mortgages to unmarried couples, they encourage prejudice by ______.

reinforcing the status quo

If we are prevented from reaching a goal, oftentimes we become hostile, and if we cannot pinpoint the source, we often display displaced aggression. This tendency is sometimes known as ______.

scapegoat theory

Sports fans, whose team has just won, will often say "we won" and if their team lost they will often say "they lost." This is an example of _____ bias.

self-concept

Being distinctive in a group can cause a person to be ---

self-conscious

Jane is the only woman in a room full of men; her distinctiveness will likely increase her ______.

self-consciousness

Social identity theory states that we evaluate ourselves through categories, compare ourselves with groups, and we find ourselves identifying with groups to gain ---

self-esteem

--- is one's prejudicial attitude and discriminatory behaviors toward people of a given sex.

sexism

An employer who hires only women or only men for his cashier job is exhibiting which of the following form of prejudicial attitudes?

sexism

Stereotypes are often by-products of how we --- our complex worlds.

simplify

Mike likes to play baseball and bowl as part of a team. Because his affiliations define who he is and his group memberships, this is a part of his _____ identity.

social

Our sense of who we are contains not just a personal identity, but also our --- identity.

social

What is the term used to describe people who tend to view the world in terms of social hierarchies and prefer for their social groups to be on top?

social dominance orientation

--- may increase prejudice through overt policies like school segregation or media stereotypes.

social institutions

The need for --- is a psychological benefit of prejudice that can come from either authentic pride in accomplishments or from derogating other groups.

status

To --- is to generalize, and the generalizations are supported by beliefs.

stereotype

We rely on --- when we are pressed for time, preoccupied, and tired.

stereotypes

When a person in a group is conspicuous, or distinctive, this can cause us to create --- about that person.

stereotypes

When women are sad, it is acceptable for them to cry, whereas when men are sad, they should not cry. This is an example of gender ---

stereotypes

Marco thinks "all women are nurturing and gentle." However, when he thinks about lesbians, his stereotype of this smaller group goes against the stereotype of the larger group. This process of forming a subset of the larger group is referred to as ______.

subgrouping

Max doesn't like Asians because he thinks they are not good at sports. However, he acknowledges that Bruce Lee was excellent at martial arts and considers Bruce Lee an "exception to the rule." This maintaining of a stereotype by splitting off new, specialized categories is called ______.

subtyping

The process of ---, or seeing people who deviate from a group stereotype as exceptions, helps to maintain stereotypes in spite of exposure to examples of people who go against expectations.

subtyping

Research suggests that we can have different explicit and implicit attitudes toward the same target. This refers to the ---

the dual attitude system

A stereotype --- is a self-confirming apprehension (or a disruptive concern) that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.

threat

True or false: The content of prejudice can be positive or negative.

true

Our minds use distinctive or ______ cases of behavior as a shortcut to judging groups, often because these cases are more available in our memory.

vivid

When making judgments about groups quickly or with mental shortcuts, we're most likely to use _____ cases to make our decision.

vivid

In a 2011 study, when shown pictures of children and asked to point to who they'd like, Black South African children in a multi-racial school preferred a(n) ---

white child