Chapter 9

The "basic level" of a hierarchy is the bottom level of that network. T/F?

False, it sits between the general, and specific levels

When moving from a basic level to a lower, more specific level, not much information is added to what you already know. T/F?

True

______ is a "typical" member of a category.

a prototype

The definitional approach to categorization

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the _____ approach to categorization.

exemplar

Research suggests that the _____ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents).

exemplar

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Exemplar & Prototype - WRONG

Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

Truck

A "superordinate " category refers to a higher level category. T/F?

True

A non-hierarchical network uses connecting-leg length to specify the strength of association (i.e., connection strength) between concepts. T/F?

True

A plant node might be connected to a "rose" node. T/F?

True

A prototype is an average representation of the members of a category. T/F?

True

An "artifact" is a non-living thing. T/F?

True

Categories are groups of things that are, in someway, similar. T/F?

True

Cognitive neuroscientists focus their research on the brain. T/F?

True

Conceptual knowledge refers to the memories that help us recognize objects in the world around us. T/F?

True

For the "embodied approach to semantic organization," we recognize a hammer when the sensory and motor areas of our brains are reactivated for a hammer. T/F?

True

Performance on a sentence verification task is faster for high typicality members of a category. T/F?

True

The "semantic category through neural circuits approach" proposes that there are specialized neural pathways or "circuits" involved in responding to specific types of stimuli, such as faces. T/F?

True

The definitional method of assigning a new thing to a category, relies on the definition used to specify membership. T/F?

True

When asked to list members of a category, people tend to start with "high typicality" examples. T/F?

True

According to the ________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.

semantic category

The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.

semantic network

According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes ________ and one that distinguishes ________.

sensory attributes; function

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

the distance that must be traveled through the network - WRONG the typicality of the information contained in each concept. - 2nd option

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

the same as, faster than, interfered with by - WRONG slower than - wrong *okay so I'm confused b/c I got it wrong and picked all answer choices*

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials?

583: 653: 518 msec

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?

A field sparrow is an animal.

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.

back propagation

According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience.

basic

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node.

can fly; bird

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

category members that have been encountered in the past.

Two different definitions of ________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

concepts

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

connection weights.

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.

crowding

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that

damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation.

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information.

superordinate level to basic level

A prototype is an actual member of a category. T/F?

False, a prototype is basically an "imaginary" member

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?

Exemplar

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Guitar

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that

a carrot would be named before eggplant.

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

a presented stimulus is a word.

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with

connectionist networks.

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization.

definitional

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ____ and Itzaj participants would answer ____.

tree; oak

Which of the following is not one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?

working units

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

A turtle is an animal

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

Before any learning had occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero

Which of the following statements is NOT cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful?

Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects.

Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks?

Cognitive economy

CH 9 QUIZ

FROM HERE ON OUT

A sparrow likely has "low typicality" in most people's bird category. T/F?

False, it has high typicality

The exemplar method of categorization involves the use of multiple prototypes. T/F?

False, it is determining how similar a new thing we come across is to another category

Members of a category that are "high" in typicality, will look different. T/F?

False, things with high typicality will have high resemblance

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

Family resemblance

Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?

Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?

Parallel distributed processing theory

People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization?

Superordinate

Gallese and colleagues (1996) noted that certain types of neurons, now called ________ neurons, activated when a monkey grasped food on a tray, but also activated when they watched the experimenter grasping food on a tray.

mirror

_______ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

exemplars

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

family resemblance

Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being

graded - WRONG (distributed)

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a small poodle and the other a large German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

is a dog that does not bark.

According to the typicality effect,

items that are high prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group

Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves

more exemplars than Bob's

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

node

Spreading activation

primes associated concepts

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ________ effect.

priming - WRONG (Typicality)

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.

prototype

Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category?

sparrow

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model.

spreading activation

Items high on prototypicality have ____ family resemblances.

strong

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level.

subordinate; basic