Chapter 9- Advanced Business Quiz

Most experts today acknowledge what three crucial elements of charismatic leadership?

1) Charismatic leaders envision likely future trends and patterns, set high expectations for themselves and for others, and behave in ways that meet or exceed those expectations. 2) Charismatic leaders energize others by demonstrating personal excitement, personal confidence, and consistent patterns of success. 3) Charismatic leaders enable others by supporting them, empathizing with them, and expressing confidence in them.

What is strategic leadership?

A new concept that explicitly relates leadership to the role of top management

The strategic leadership also needs to recognize what?

Also needs to recognize advances and shortcomings

Unfortunately, what happened to the potential list? In addition, how were the results of many studies?

It became so long that it lost any practical value...inconsistent

What did these scientists believe?

That the behaviors employed by effective leaders differed somehow from the behaviors of less effective leaders, and that behaviors of effective leaders would be the same across all situations.

Why do lingering ethical concerns about charismatic leadership also trouble some people?

They stem from the fact that some charismatic leaders inspire such blind faith in their followers that they may engage in inappropriate, unethical, or even illegal behaviors just because the leader instructed them to do so.

What does transformational leadership focus on?

Transformer leadership focuses on the importance of leading for change (as opposed to leading during a period of stability).

True or False: A person can be a leader, manager, both , or neither.

True

True or False: Charismatic leadership ideas are quite popular among managers today and are the subject of numerous books and articles.

True

True or False: Coaches from different teams may play important roles in linking the activities and functions of their respective teams.

True

True or False: Early researchers believed that notable leaders had some unique set of qualities or traits that distinguished them from their peers and endured throughout history.

True

True or False: In addition to group factors, elements of the job itself may also limit a leader's ability to "make a difference".

True

True or False: In today's world, both leaders and their employees may work in locations that are far from one another

True

True or False: Most people have long assumed that business leaders are ethical people.

True

True or False: Only a leader with tremendous influence can hope to perform both functions successfully.

True

True or False: Some people even believe that biological factors, such as appearance or height, may play a role in leadership. However, it is too early to know whether these traits really do relate to leadership.

True

True or False: Taking over a leadership role from someone with substantial personal charisma is also a challenge.

True

True or False: There is a growing number of women advancing to higher levels in organizations

True

True or False:Cross-cultural factors also play a growing role in organizations as their workforces become more diverse.

True

Another changing perspective on leadership relates to cross-cultural issues. In this context, what is culture used as?

a broad concept to encompass both international difference and diversity-base differences within one culture.

As also illustrated in the figure, management and leadership may occasionally overlap, but each is what?

a discrete and separate set of activities

While nonverbal communication, such as smiles and handshakes, may not be possible online, managers can instead make a point of adding what?

a few personal words in an email to convey appreciation, reinforcement, or constructive feedback

In addition, what does the leader need? What does this need to include?

a firm grasp of the organization's external environment. current business and the economic conditions and circumstances as well as significant trends and issues on the horizon.

charisma

a form of interpersonal attraction that inspires support and acceptance.

Strategic Leadership

a leader's ability to understand the complexities of both the organization and its environment and to lead change in the organization as to enhance its competitiveness.

What are Charismatic leaders likely to have?

a lot of confidence in their beliefs and ideals and a strong need to influence people.

To be effective as a strategic leader,what does a manager needs to have?

a thorough and complete understanding of the organization - its history, its culture, its strengths, and its weaknesses.

In some cases, what may certain factors do? In other cases, factors may exist that ______ or ________ the influence of a leader even when the individual is attempting to exercise leadership.

actually substitute for leadership, making actual leadership unesesary or irrelevant. neutralize...negate`

Leadership, in contrast, is much more closely related to activities such as what?

agenda setting, aligning, inspiring, and mointoring.

situational approach to leadership

assumes that appropriate leader behavior varies from one situation to another.

Finally, what can organizational factors also neutralize?

at least some forms of leader behavior.

Increasingly then, how is communication between leaders and their subordinates taking place?

by telephone and email

According to this view what does much of what a leader does involve? These include what?

carrying out what might be thought of as basic management "transactions"- assigning work, evaluating performance, making decisions, and so forth.1

Perhaps the best description of this new role is for leaders to become a ________ instead of an _______.

coach...overseer

Japan is characterized by _____________ (group before individual) US is characterized by _____________ (individual before group)

collectivism....individualism

transactional leadership

comparable to management, it involved routine, regimented activities

Now more than ever, high standards of ethical conduct are being held up as a prerequisite for what?

effective leadership.

For example, what traits have researchers again started to focus on?

emotional intelligence, mental intelligence, drive, motivation, honesty and integrity, self-confidence, knowledge of the business, and charisma

Business Leaders are being called on to maintain high ethical standards for their own conduct, to unfailingly exhibit what?

ethical behavior, and to hold others in their organizations to the same standards- in short, to practice ethical leadership.

Some experts believe that change is such a vital organizational function that even successful firms need to change regularly to avoid becoming complacent and stagnant accordingly, leadership for change is what?

extremely important.

behavioral approach to leadership

focused on determining what behaviors are employed by leaders

trait approach to leadership

focused on identifying the essential traits that distinguished leaders.

From the standpoint of a business leader, a coaching perspective would call for the leader to do what?

help select and train members and other new employees, to provide some general direction, and to help the team get information and other resources it needs.

In other words, If certain factors are present, what will the employee perform?

his or her job capably, without the direction of a leader.

As African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanics, and members of other ethnic groups achieve leadership positions, it may be necessary to reassess what?

how applicable current theories and models of leadership are when applied to an increasingly diverse pool of leaders.

What does another recent perspective that has been adopted by some leadership experts focus on?

how leaders are seeing through the eyes of their followers.

Whereas leaders were once expected to control situations, direct work, supervise people, closely monitor performance, make decisions, and structure activities, many leaders today are being asked to change what?

how they manage people.

Leadership substitutes

individual, task, and organizational characteristics that tend to outweigh the need for a leader to initiate or direct employee performance

What leadership traits were focused on by researchers?

intelligence, dominance, self-confidence, energy, activity (versus passivity), and knowledge about the job.

What is the one difference that has arisen in some cases?

is that women may be slightly more democratic in making decisions, whereas men have a tendency to be more autocratic.

Although the trait approach was all but abandoned several decades ago, in recent years, what has happened?

it has resurfaced

task focused leader behavior

leader behavior focusing on how tasks should be performed in order to meet certain goals and to achieve certain performance standards

Employee-focused behavior

leader behavior focusing on satisfaction, motivation, and well-being of employees

ethical leadership

leader behaviors that reflect high ethical standards

virtual leadership

leadership in settings where leaders and followers interact electronically rather than in face-to-face settings.

In other situations, even if a leader is present and attempts to engage in various leadership behaviors, those behaviors may be rendered ineffective - or neutralized - by various factors that can be called what?

leadership neutralizers

What are many organizations attempting to become today?

less hierarchal-that is to eliminate the old-fashioned command and control mentality often inherent in a bureaucratic organizations and to motivate and empower individuals to work independently.

But beyond these activities, the leader keeps a low profile and lets the group get its work done with what?

little to no direct oversight.

Although leaders and leadership have profoundly influenced history, when did careful scientific study of them begin?

only about a century ago

Emerging pressures for stronger corporate governance models are likely to further increase the commitment to select who?

only those individuals with high ethical standards for leadership positions in business and to hold them accountable than in the past for both their actions and the consequences of those actions.

What are situational characteristics that affect decision making?

organization, group effectiveness, the problem itself, and time pressures.

Some leaders may function as mentors, helping less experienced employees learn the ropes and better preparing them to advance within the organization; they may also help what?

resolve conflicts among team members and mediate other disputes that arise.

The __________ __________ to leadership attempt to identify various forms of leader behavior that result in contingent outcomes and consequences.

situational approach

What are the three emerging issues in leadership that warrant discussion?

strategic leadership, ethical leadership, and virtual leadership

What did some early observers predict? Was this true?

that (consistent with prevailing stereotypes) female leaders, would be relatively warm, supportive, and nurturing as compared to their male counterparts. Research does not support this, nor show that male leaders are harsher, more controlling, or more task focused than female leaders.

What do some experts believe about change?

that change is such a vital organizational function that even successful firms need to change regularly to avoid becoming complacent and stagnant.

What is one implication?

that leaders in this situation must work harder at creating and maintaining relationships with their employees that go beyond words on a computer screen.

During this period, what did people believe? What did experts also begin to realize?

that leaders should always try to engage in a healthy dose of both behaviors, one to increase performance and the other to increase job satisfaction and motivation. ...that they could train managers to engage in these behaviors in a systematic manner

But what did they also discover?

that there were other leader behaviors that needed to be considered, and that there were circumstances in which different combinations of leader behavior might be more effective than other combinations.

What does management primarily focus on?

the activities of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.

The behaviors of top leaders are being scrutinized more than ever, and those responsible for hiring new leaders for a business are looking more closely at what?

the backgrounds of those being considered.

What did this research lead to?

the identification of two basic forms of leader behavior: task focused leader behavior and employee-focused leader behavior

What are among the recent changes in leadership that managers should recognize?

the increasing role of leaders as coaches as well as gender and cross-cultural patterns of leader behavior.

What do leadership characteristics include?

the manager's value sytem, confidence in subordinates, personal inclinations, feelings of security, and actual behaviors.

Unfortunately, what have few studies specifically attempted to test?

the meaning and impact of charismatic leadership.

leadership (textbook)

the processes and behaviors used by someone, such as a manager, to motivate, inspire, and influence the behaviors of others.

In each case, what is happening?

the roles of leaders is changing

transformational leadership

the set of abilities that allows a leader to recognize the need for change, to create a vision to guide that change, and to execute the change effectively.

What do subordinate's behavior include?

the subordinates' need for independence, readiness to assume responsibility, tolerance for ambiguity, interest in the problem, understanding the goals, knowledge, experience, and expectations.

In the late 1940's what did most researchers begin to shift away from?

the trait approach and to look at leadership as a set of actual behaviors

What do they also have when it comes to their followers?

they also tend to communicate high expectations about follower performance and to express confidence in their followers.

What is one of the biggest errors people make about leadership?

they assume that leadership and management mean the same thing when they are really different concepts.

What did early studies focus on? And later research?

traits, or personal characteristics, of leaders. shifted to examine actual leader behaviors.

Occasionally, however, what does the leader have to engage in to initiate and manage major change, such as managing a merger, creating a new work team, or redefining the organization's culture?

transformational leadership

What are the two primary approaches to leadership through the eyes of followers?

transforming leadership and charismatic leadership.

Charismatic Leadership

type of leadership based on the leader's perosonel charisma

The trait and behavioral approaches to leadership were both __________ in nature- they attempted to prescribe leader behaviors that would lead to a set of _________ set of outcomes and consequences.

universal