Chapter 9: Air Pollution

If 10 decibels is 10x more intense than one decibel, how many times more intense is 20 decibels than one deibel

20

What size particle can reach the lowest parts of the lung?

3 Microns

For workers, a sound level above____dBA should be considered unsafe for daily exposure over a period of months.

90

Precipitation accomplishes an effective cleansing process of pollutants in the atmosphere by

Accumulation of small particles in the formation of raindrops or snowflakes in clouds, the washing out of scavenging of large particles by falling rain drops or snowflakes, removal of gaseous pollutants by dissolution and absorption.

The most dangerous of the particulate air pollutants in terms of human health are:

Aerosols

The "Ozone Hole" was first noticed in

Antarctica

It is possible to control noise

At the source, in its path of transmission , where it is received

Which of the following is the major source of air pollution in the United States?

Automotive vehicles

Which of the following items are not natural topographic features?

Canals

All of the following are criteria pollutants except:

Carbon Dioxide

National Ambient Air Quality Standards have been set for all of the following except:

Carbon Dioxides

Which of the following is generally found at the highest concentrations in urban atmospheres?

Carbon Monoxide

Which of the following is not a malodorous gas?

Carbon Monoxide

Which one of the following is most dangerous to humans who have heart problems?

Carbon Monoxide

Which one of the following has been implicated in many rush-hour traffic accidents?

Carbon monoxide-poisoning

FCs are widely used because their

Chemical stability

How are total suspended particles measured?

Collection and weighing

A dimensionless unit to express physical intensity or sound pressure levels is called

Decibel

Which of the following are not major sources of sulfur dioxide pollution?

Electrical substations

A primary pollutant is one that is formed in the atmosphere as a result of chemical reactions.

False

A sampling train is a device used to measure emissions from locomotives.

False

Areas on the windward side of mountain ranges can expect less precipitation due to the forced rising, expansion, and cooling of moving air masses.

False

Chlorofluorocarbons increase the amount of ozone in the atmosphere

False

Continuous exposure to high-level noise is less harmful than intermittent or occasional exposure.

False

Dry cotton ear plugs are just as effective against noise control as expensive fitted ear plugs and earmuffs.

False

In general terms, it is safe to assume that any two identical sound levels willhave teh effect of increasing the overall level by 10 dB

False

Particulates larger than 10 microns can penetrate easily into the respiratory tract.

False

Sound absorbing material absorb low frequency sounds much more effectively than high frequency sounds.

False

The United States Environmental Protection Agency has the sole responsibility for implementing " The Noise Control Act of 1971".

False

The concentration resulting from a continuous emission of a pollutant is directly proportional to wind speed.

False

The precise levels at which specific pollutants become a health hazard are relatively easy to establish by existing surveillance systems.

False

Have been known to cause crippling skeletal damage to cattle through ingested contaminated vegetation.

Fluorides

Scrubbers are wet collectors generally used to remove particles that form as a

Fog,mist, or dust

In the United States, the Ringlemann smoke chart consists of how many rectangular charts?

Four

The pitch of a sound is determined primarily by

Frequency

The major source of sulfur dioxide is:

Fuel combustion

Emissions, which find their way into the ambient air without being vented through a stack are known as

Fugitive emissions

Street dust would be considered what type of pollution?

Fugitive pollutant

________is considered to be at least damaging to the stratospheric ozone layer.

HCFC's

Photochemical smog has been reported in congested areas with

High motor vehicle traffic

Particle size selective inlets are used to separate particulates above and below 2 to 3 microns in size on

High volume samplers

A major effect of stratospheric ozone layer depletion is

Increase in incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer

The _________ of a sound wave is the energy transferred per unit (sec) through a unit area normal to the direction of propagation.

Intensity

The accumulation or increased concentration of a continuously emitted pollutant is

Inversely proportional to wind speed

Sources of pollutants can generally be classified as

Line sources, area sources, point sources.

The information need to use an air quality model includes

Meteorological data, pollutant concentration data, and source emissions data.

The only criteria gas that is colored is:

Nitrogen dioxide

A primary pollutant is

One that is found in the atmosphere due to natural reactions

Injury to plants due to ________ shows up as flecks, stipple and bleaching, tip burns on conifers, and growth suppression.

Ozone

The chemical used as a measure of the oxidant level of the atmosphere at any given time is:

Ozone

The major constituent of the photochemical oxidants is:

Ozone

_______________can be formed as a result of the sun's action on nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons.

Ozone

What type of air pollution causes loss of chlorophyll in plants?

PAN

Acid condensates, dust, soot, and smoke are considered:

Particulate Matter

The Ringelmann chart method of evaluating particle pollution in the atmosphere is being replaced by a determination of the

Percent Opacity

Glazing, silvering , or bronzing on the underside of a leaf is evidence that injury has occurred by:

Peroxacyl nitrates

Methyl bromide is used primarily as a

Pesticide

Which one of the following crops would probably be least affected by air pollution?

Potatoes

When absorbed daytime heat is radiated quickly into space and teh temperature of surface air drops below that of the air above it, the condition is referred to as:

Radiation Inversion

Which of the following inversion develops at night under conditions of relatively clear skies and very light words?

Radiational inversion

Fluorocarbons in the atmosphere are of concern because they may

React with the ozone in the upper atmosphere, thus reducing the total amount of ozone available. Cause an increase in ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth, cause an increase in skin cancers and changes in our climate, animal,and plant life.

Which of the following types of materials are known to reflect sound?

Rubber tiles

The meteorological elements have the most direct and significant effects on the distribution of air pollutants are

Solar radiation, wind speed and direction, precipitation and stability.

Air pollution is the presence of ________ in the outside air in amounts that are injurious or detrimental to humans, animals, plants, or property.

Solids, gases, and liquids

The ratio of the energy passing through a wall, floor, or ceiling to the energy striking it is called.

Sound Transmission Loss

The most common type of noise measurement device used for initial surveys to provide rapid evaluation and indetification of potential problem areas is the

Sound level meter

Air pollution control should first be considered at the

Source

The Safe New Alternatives Policy program (SNAP)

Specifies alternatives for all ozone-depleting substances

Impurities in combustible hydrocarbons (coal and oil) combine with oxygen to produce_____________________ when burned.

Sulfur Dioxide

Which component of clean, dry air has the smallest volume?

Sulfur Dioxide

One of the main precursors of acid rain is:

Sulfur dioxide

Major effects on humans are caused by Los Angeles-and London-Type smog, along with what two pollutants?

Sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride

Which of the following is not a primary pollutant?

Sulfuric Acid

When two pollutants are combine, the effects are greater than the sum of the individual effects. This is called

Synergism

The speed with which sound travels through a particular medium is dependent on

The compressibility and density of the medium

The first Federal standards for occupational exposure to noise were issued by

The department of Labor

Turbulence is the wind characteristic that is

The most effective mechanism for the dispersion or dilution of a cloud or plume of pollutants

Animals are primarily affected by the pollutants in the air

Through ingesting vegetation

The major factors related to hearing loss are

Time duration of exposure and repeated impact, intensity of sound waves, frequency content of sound

Which of the following are examples of short- range primary pollutants?

Total suspended solids and sulfur dioxide

In What part of the earth's atmosphere are photchemical produced?

Troposhere

A deterioration in the ozone layer of the stratosphere can cause an increase in ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth.

True

Almost all sound contains multiple frequencies

True

Individuals react differently to noise depending on age, sex, and socioeconomic background.

True

Ozone can be formed by the action of sunlight on nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons

True

Particulates larger than 10 microns can penetrate easily into the respiratory tract.

True

Pollutants may be in the form of microorganisms

True

Sounds with a frequency of 30 hertz (Hz) are considered very low pitch

True

Stack saamples must be collected at the same speed of flow that gases normally pass through the stack

True

The amount of sound energy a material can absorb is a function of its absorption coefficient at a specified frequency.

True

The frequency of a sound determines its pitch

True

The terms "washout" and "rain out" both refer to a cleansing process of pollutants in the atmosphere

True

Transportation is the largest source of air pollution.

True

The Montreal Protocol agrees to control the

Use of all ozone depleting chemicals or substances

The distance that a sound wave travels in one cycle or period is the

Wavelength of the sound

Long-term wind data of a given location are presented graphically in the form of a

Wind Rose

The unit measurement most commonly used to measure loudness is called

hertz

Stability of the atmosphere

is the ability to enhance or suppress vertical air motions, and is largely determined by the vertical temperature profile.

The effects of air pollution are influenced by

wind speed, sunlight, direction, precipitation