Chapter 9: Air Pollution
If 10 decibels is 10x more intense than one decibel, how many times more intense is 20 decibels than one deibel
20
What size particle can reach the lowest parts of the lung?
3 Microns
For workers, a sound level above____dBA should be considered unsafe for daily exposure over a period of months.
90
Precipitation accomplishes an effective cleansing process of pollutants in the atmosphere by
Accumulation of small particles in the formation of raindrops or snowflakes in clouds, the washing out of scavenging of large particles by falling rain drops or snowflakes, removal of gaseous pollutants by dissolution and absorption.
The most dangerous of the particulate air pollutants in terms of human health are:
Aerosols
The "Ozone Hole" was first noticed in
Antarctica
It is possible to control noise
At the source, in its path of transmission , where it is received
Which of the following is the major source of air pollution in the United States?
Automotive vehicles
Which of the following items are not natural topographic features?
Canals
All of the following are criteria pollutants except:
Carbon Dioxide
National Ambient Air Quality Standards have been set for all of the following except:
Carbon Dioxides
Which of the following is generally found at the highest concentrations in urban atmospheres?
Carbon Monoxide
Which of the following is not a malodorous gas?
Carbon Monoxide
Which one of the following is most dangerous to humans who have heart problems?
Carbon Monoxide
Which one of the following has been implicated in many rush-hour traffic accidents?
Carbon monoxide-poisoning
FCs are widely used because their
Chemical stability
How are total suspended particles measured?
Collection and weighing
A dimensionless unit to express physical intensity or sound pressure levels is called
Decibel
Which of the following are not major sources of sulfur dioxide pollution?
Electrical substations
A primary pollutant is one that is formed in the atmosphere as a result of chemical reactions.
False
A sampling train is a device used to measure emissions from locomotives.
False
Areas on the windward side of mountain ranges can expect less precipitation due to the forced rising, expansion, and cooling of moving air masses.
False
Chlorofluorocarbons increase the amount of ozone in the atmosphere
False
Continuous exposure to high-level noise is less harmful than intermittent or occasional exposure.
False
Dry cotton ear plugs are just as effective against noise control as expensive fitted ear plugs and earmuffs.
False
In general terms, it is safe to assume that any two identical sound levels willhave teh effect of increasing the overall level by 10 dB
False
Particulates larger than 10 microns can penetrate easily into the respiratory tract.
False
Sound absorbing material absorb low frequency sounds much more effectively than high frequency sounds.
False
The United States Environmental Protection Agency has the sole responsibility for implementing " The Noise Control Act of 1971".
False
The concentration resulting from a continuous emission of a pollutant is directly proportional to wind speed.
False
The precise levels at which specific pollutants become a health hazard are relatively easy to establish by existing surveillance systems.
False
Have been known to cause crippling skeletal damage to cattle through ingested contaminated vegetation.
Fluorides
Scrubbers are wet collectors generally used to remove particles that form as a
Fog,mist, or dust
In the United States, the Ringlemann smoke chart consists of how many rectangular charts?
Four
The pitch of a sound is determined primarily by
Frequency
The major source of sulfur dioxide is:
Fuel combustion
Emissions, which find their way into the ambient air without being vented through a stack are known as
Fugitive emissions
Street dust would be considered what type of pollution?
Fugitive pollutant
________is considered to be at least damaging to the stratospheric ozone layer.
HCFC's
Photochemical smog has been reported in congested areas with
High motor vehicle traffic
Particle size selective inlets are used to separate particulates above and below 2 to 3 microns in size on
High volume samplers
A major effect of stratospheric ozone layer depletion is
Increase in incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer
The _________ of a sound wave is the energy transferred per unit (sec) through a unit area normal to the direction of propagation.
Intensity
The accumulation or increased concentration of a continuously emitted pollutant is
Inversely proportional to wind speed
Sources of pollutants can generally be classified as
Line sources, area sources, point sources.
The information need to use an air quality model includes
Meteorological data, pollutant concentration data, and source emissions data.
The only criteria gas that is colored is:
Nitrogen dioxide
A primary pollutant is
One that is found in the atmosphere due to natural reactions
Injury to plants due to ________ shows up as flecks, stipple and bleaching, tip burns on conifers, and growth suppression.
Ozone
The chemical used as a measure of the oxidant level of the atmosphere at any given time is:
Ozone
The major constituent of the photochemical oxidants is:
Ozone
_______________can be formed as a result of the sun's action on nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons.
Ozone
What type of air pollution causes loss of chlorophyll in plants?
PAN
Acid condensates, dust, soot, and smoke are considered:
Particulate Matter
The Ringelmann chart method of evaluating particle pollution in the atmosphere is being replaced by a determination of the
Percent Opacity
Glazing, silvering , or bronzing on the underside of a leaf is evidence that injury has occurred by:
Peroxacyl nitrates
Methyl bromide is used primarily as a
Pesticide
Which one of the following crops would probably be least affected by air pollution?
Potatoes
When absorbed daytime heat is radiated quickly into space and teh temperature of surface air drops below that of the air above it, the condition is referred to as:
Radiation Inversion
Which of the following inversion develops at night under conditions of relatively clear skies and very light words?
Radiational inversion
Fluorocarbons in the atmosphere are of concern because they may
React with the ozone in the upper atmosphere, thus reducing the total amount of ozone available. Cause an increase in ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth, cause an increase in skin cancers and changes in our climate, animal,and plant life.
Which of the following types of materials are known to reflect sound?
Rubber tiles
The meteorological elements have the most direct and significant effects on the distribution of air pollutants are
Solar radiation, wind speed and direction, precipitation and stability.
Air pollution is the presence of ________ in the outside air in amounts that are injurious or detrimental to humans, animals, plants, or property.
Solids, gases, and liquids
The ratio of the energy passing through a wall, floor, or ceiling to the energy striking it is called.
Sound Transmission Loss
The most common type of noise measurement device used for initial surveys to provide rapid evaluation and indetification of potential problem areas is the
Sound level meter
Air pollution control should first be considered at the
Source
The Safe New Alternatives Policy program (SNAP)
Specifies alternatives for all ozone-depleting substances
Impurities in combustible hydrocarbons (coal and oil) combine with oxygen to produce_____________________ when burned.
Sulfur Dioxide
Which component of clean, dry air has the smallest volume?
Sulfur Dioxide
One of the main precursors of acid rain is:
Sulfur dioxide
Major effects on humans are caused by Los Angeles-and London-Type smog, along with what two pollutants?
Sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride
Which of the following is not a primary pollutant?
Sulfuric Acid
When two pollutants are combine, the effects are greater than the sum of the individual effects. This is called
Synergism
The speed with which sound travels through a particular medium is dependent on
The compressibility and density of the medium
The first Federal standards for occupational exposure to noise were issued by
The department of Labor
Turbulence is the wind characteristic that is
The most effective mechanism for the dispersion or dilution of a cloud or plume of pollutants
Animals are primarily affected by the pollutants in the air
Through ingesting vegetation
The major factors related to hearing loss are
Time duration of exposure and repeated impact, intensity of sound waves, frequency content of sound
Which of the following are examples of short- range primary pollutants?
Total suspended solids and sulfur dioxide
In What part of the earth's atmosphere are photchemical produced?
Troposhere
A deterioration in the ozone layer of the stratosphere can cause an increase in ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth.
True
Almost all sound contains multiple frequencies
True
Individuals react differently to noise depending on age, sex, and socioeconomic background.
True
Ozone can be formed by the action of sunlight on nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons
True
Particulates larger than 10 microns can penetrate easily into the respiratory tract.
True
Pollutants may be in the form of microorganisms
True
Sounds with a frequency of 30 hertz (Hz) are considered very low pitch
True
Stack saamples must be collected at the same speed of flow that gases normally pass through the stack
True
The amount of sound energy a material can absorb is a function of its absorption coefficient at a specified frequency.
True
The frequency of a sound determines its pitch
True
The terms "washout" and "rain out" both refer to a cleansing process of pollutants in the atmosphere
True
Transportation is the largest source of air pollution.
True
The Montreal Protocol agrees to control the
Use of all ozone depleting chemicals or substances
The distance that a sound wave travels in one cycle or period is the
Wavelength of the sound
Long-term wind data of a given location are presented graphically in the form of a
Wind Rose
The unit measurement most commonly used to measure loudness is called
hertz
Stability of the atmosphere
is the ability to enhance or suppress vertical air motions, and is largely determined by the vertical temperature profile.
The effects of air pollution are influenced by
wind speed, sunlight, direction, precipitation
