Chapter 1 Study Guide - Straub

How did geography influence trade in Tamil kingdom?

Near oceans for trading.

What was the first civilization to use farming? Where were they located?

Sumer, in Mesopotamia

What civilization is where modern day Iraq is? What does the word Mesopotamia mean?

Sumer; the land between two rivers.

In what way was the Nile both a benefit and a disadvantage for Egypt?

Advantage- fertile soil Disadvantage- flooding

Name one geographical advantage and disadvantage of China's geography?

Advantage: harder to invade their civilization; Disadvantage: couldn't trade with anybody

Who is most widely recorded god of Egypt?

Amon-Rah

What was the motto for the Hammurabi Code?

An eye for a eye

What were the two names of the earliest period of human history?

Paleolithic period (old stone age) Neolithic period (new stone age)

How did King Solomon's death affect the Israelites?

Peace has stopped and the kingdom split to the north half (israel) and the south (judah)

Which is a likely reason why a minor pharaoh like Tutankhamen was buried in such a magnificent tomb?

Tomb robberies

What was the final goal of the Buddhism religion?

To reach nirvana

From where did Sheng Yuan go to reoperate China?

West

Sumerians built the earliest known what?

Wheeled carts and wagons

What was an important contribution made by the Hittites?

iron

What were Egyptian rulers called in the old kingdom?

kings

What is one of the values revealed through the Indian epics?

loyalty

What are five advancements that the Egyptians made?

mathematics, medicine, human anatomy, calendar.

The Sumerian government is a __ and a __ .

monarchy and a theocracy

Did confucianism ever become a religion?

no--it is a philosophy

What was one thing the Han dynasty used that we still use today?

paper

What were the chiefs who led the Aryan tribes called?

rajahs

How did archaeologists describe the structures of the Indus city?

There was a sewage system below the houses and the civilizations was created based off a grid pattern.

What does torah mean?

Teaching or guidance

What is expansionism?

Territorial or economic expansion

What type of religion was israel?

Jewish; monotheistic

When did the Neolithic period start?

10,000 BC

How many kids of Israel? Who was the father?

12 tribes; Jacob

When did the Zaou rule end?

256 BC

What year what China formed?

2600 BC

What is Catalhuyuk?

A larger Neolithic site in present-day Turkey

What was the epic of gilgamesh?

A long narrative poem that told stories about the wanderings of a hero named Gilgamesh. It describes a great flood that destroys the world.

What aspect of Confucianism contributed to its long-lasting influence?

A philosophy (system of ideas) concerning worldly goals, especially those of social order and good government. Filial piety - respect for parents People must accept their place in society Showed people how to behave

Who was Zoroaster?

A thinker in the Persian empire that helped to unite the civilization

According to the Torah, which leader unified the tribes of Israel into a single nation?

Abraham

According to Israelite belief, what was God's covenant with Abraham?

Abraham would be the father of many nations and he would have many descendants that would be known.

How did Chandragupta and Asoka's approaches to ruling differ?

Asoka promoted peace and Chandragupta did not trust his people--he ruled strictly

Which of the following is one of the notable achievements of early China?

Astronomers observed Halley's Comet, studied the movements of planets, and recorded eclipses of the sun. Their findings helped them develop an accurate calendar with 365 and 1/4 day. art and technology of bronze-making

Explain how the Phoenicians spread ideas from different people?

Being able to trade

How did India's great rulers maintain peace and order?

By organizing a strong central government and promoted peace and prosperity. They left a lot of power to be in the hands of the people.

What group of people developed the code of laws?

Consisted of 282 laws called the Code of Hammurabi

In what way(s) did Hammurabi help with the advancement and prosperity of his empire?

Creating a set of laws,(most important) improving irrigation systems organizing a well-trained army, and ordering the repair of many temples.

Hammurabi's code was the first major collection of laws in history, what two laws did they cover?

Criminal laws (murder, assault, theft) Civil laws (private rights and matters - business, marriage, taxes)

What was one effect of the Silk Road on China?

Cultural diffusion and trade

What was cuneiform, who developed it, and what was it usually written on?

Cuneiform was the earliest known writing. Developed by Sumerians Written on clay tablets

What emperor of the Persian empire united them?

Darius I

Which democratic concept reflects Judeo-Christian influence?

Democratic-republican forms of government Ideas about the worth of the individual The importance of social responsibility Concept that all believers were equal before God Trial by jury Innocent until proven guilty

Who was Donald Johanson?

Donald Johanson discovered a full-body, 3 million year old skeleton in 1974. He named his discovery, "Lucy".

Where was Lucy discovered in 1974?

Ethiopia

Which characteristic of family and village life shaped Indian society?

Everyday life revolved around the rules and duties associated with caste, family and village. Joint family structure - several generations of parents and children shared a common dwelling Indian family was patriarchal - father or oldest male headed the household Family trained the children

Why was the Silk Road an important part of Chinese history?

Expanded trade to become a larger business. Spices & silk were the main goods traded on this road

Physically where in Mesopotamia was Israel located?

Far western area of Mesopotamia

Where is the Indus Valley located?

First civilization in South Asia - In between the Indus River and Saraswati Rivers in present-day Pakistan and India.

What are two drawbacks of living near the Nile River?

Flooding, which left people at the mercy of the river, would sweep away houses, stock, and leave behind death and destruction. Diseases from insects, like mosquitoes, and animals.

How did geography influence trade in the Tamil kingdoms?

Geography influenced trade in the Tamil Kingdom because they had water on 3 sides and many ports so overseas trade was supported. They could now trade with China and distant lands and countries by water.

After 500 years of war, the ______ dynasty brought India together.

Gupta

The_________leaders encouraged learning, expanded literature, and brought most of India together.

Gupta

What king of Babylon brought much of Mesopotamia under control?

Hammurabi

What was the name of the group of laws that were one of the first attempts to codify all the laws to govern a state?

Hammurabi Code

What is Hammurabi best known for?

Hammurabi code

How did Shi Huangdi impose allegiance to a central government?

He used rewards for merit and punishments for failure His methods were brutal

How are Hindu beliefs related to the caste system in India?

Higher caste members were considered more spiritually pure than lower caste members. The Hindu law of Karma caused people to believe actions could affect one's caste level in future life.

What civilization was in modern day Pakistan and had two main cities?

Indus civilizations

How was Aryan society structured?

It was structured within 1,000 of settlements along the Indus river and dry bed of Saraswati. The twin capitals of the civilization, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, were carefully planned within a grid pattern

What is Jericho?

Jericho was a Neolithic village that grew overtime and was located in the Jordan River valley in the Middle East. The village was tiny, but had a huge stone wall built around it with a deep ditch beyond the wall.

What were the three uses of fire in the Neolithic period?

Keeping warm, cooking, protection from animals

How did Hinduism originate?

Many different cultures came together through conquest and spread their religious beliefs to the point that they bunched together to form one big religion, called cultural diffusion

What is another advancement the Sumerians made?

Mathematics and technology

What did the Greeks call the Tigris-Euphrates Valley?

Mesopotamia

Where did the world's earliest civilization develop?

Mesopotamia--Sumer

Which occurrence led to the spread of Buddhism beyond India?

Missionaries and traders spread Buddhism across India to many parts of Asia.

What do archaeologists identify as one possible reason for the decline of the Indus civilization?

Natural disasters--flooding and earthquakes

What is another name for the New Stone Age?

Neolithic period

What are the three major zones that India's subcontinent is divided into?

Northern plains Dry Deccan plateau Coastal plains

How did mummification reflect the Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife?

Only people who were mummified were brought into the afterlife.

What is the complete Hebrew Bible name?

Tankah

In Hinduism, what is the role of reincarnation in achieving moksha?

Reincarnation is the process of having many lives until Brahman is satisfied and grants you release from the cycle of rebirth and the law of karma.

For what purpose did writing begin in China?

Rules, religion, trade

Who built the very first empire known in history?

Sargo

What characteristics of family and village life shaped Indian society?

Several generations of families living under one roof emphasizes the cultural importance of obligations within families.

List three ways the Sumerian civilization took shape.

Sumer developed 12 city-states led to battling for land and water. War leadership transformed into a hierarchy with an upper class, middle class, and lower class. Came together to protect themselves. Sumerians practiced polytheism and their place of worship was in ziggurats, a platform shaped temple.

In the New Kingdom, the Egyptian civilization was made out from where to where?

Syria to Nubia

Where is the Fertile Crescent?

The Fertile Crescent is an area with extremely fertile soil that stretches from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea in what is today known as Iraq.

Which mountains limited contact between India and other lands?

The Hindu-Kush and Himalayas

How did increased trade and warfare affect the social classes during the New Kingdom?

The Industrial Revolution helped create both a new middle class and a new urban working class. Middle class was entrepreneurs and others who profited from the growth of industry and the rise of cities Farm laborers moved into new industrial cities and took jobs in factories and mines In rural villages, families lived for generations.

In both the Shang and Zhou societies, how were different regions governed?

The Shang was ruled by a single leader, and The Zhou had lords and generals that governed the lands. They both had social caste systems.

What did Zhang Heng develop?

The earliest known seismograph to detect and measure earthquakes

Where did the Sumerian civilization develop and what is this place called today?

The fertile crescent: Iraq

How did geography affect the Sumerian civilization?

The flooding helped them work together, and it helped the soil for irrigation

Why is it true that when an archaeologist's digs deeper, the older things you find?

The ground gets older over the years because of the layers of Earth that stack on top of each other gradually over time.

Who is Confucius?

The guy who started confucianism who was a philosopher

In what way did China's isolated geography contribute to its development as a country?

The isolation added to the Chinese belief that China was the center of the Earth and the sole source of civilization. They could expand without fear of being attacked

What did all the early civilizations have in common?

The seven pillars of civilization (social structure, food, religion, government, writing, culture, technology)

Why did Daoist painters choose water to represent Daoist beliefs?

They believed in harmony with nature. They also believed that water does not resist but rather yields and then returns to its natural path. It is an unstoppable force.

How do cattle link the Indus and Aryan civilizations, and modern India?

They both considered it very sacred and important because they use the cow for many things such as meat to eat and the hides.

What was one advancement the Sumerians made in mathematics and technology?

They developed and based their number system on six dividing the hour into 60 minutes and circle into 360 degrees.

How did Assyria and Babylonia form?

They formed when the Akkadian empire fell

How did the Nile River affect Egypt's religion?

They had a god named Hapi, god of the river; the cycle of the flooding helped them make a calendar and influenced their religion.

Why was the civilization, Mohenjo Daro, so successful?

They had a strong central government, and they were well-planned.

Why was the Han (wudi) period considered a Golden Age of Chinese civilization?

They made tremendous advances in so many fields Chemistry, zoology, botany, astronomy, technology

What are three achievements under the Guptas during the golden age in India?

They maintained a strong, orderly, organized government that left much power in the hands of the people. Another achievement was that trade and farm flourished rapidly across the empire. The last great achievement was that their learning system was much like today's, with children learning and parent working and strong, intellectual religious schools teaching Hinduism and Buddhism.

How did geography affect where ancient peoples settled on the Indian subcontinent?

They wanted to be near to mountains for protection and near water for trade.

What is the main idea behind the Neolithic revolution?

They went from hunting nomads to settling down and farming

The civilization of Sumer had access to which rivers?

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

What is the final goal of Buddhists?.

To achieve nirvana through reincarnation, like moksha in Hinduism

What is acupuncture and why did the Chinese create it?

a system of complementary medicine involves pricking skin or tissues with needles, used to alleviate pain and treat physical, mental, and emotional conditions.

What is calligraphy?

an elegant form of writing

What is the study of the origins and development of people and their societies?

anthropology

In what year did scientist find the 1.6 million-year-old skeleton of an eight-year old boy in Kenya ? A-1992, B-1984 C-1971 D-1973.

b

What are the four ancient Egypt structures of the government?

Pharaoh and the royal family Government officials Merchants, scribes, and artisans Peasant farmers

Who was nicknamed the warrior emperor?

Wudi of the Han Dynasty

Name one Chinese emperor

wu tang

Which conqueror was known for their iron war hand?

wudi