Chapter 23 Study Guide - Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1890 - The Earth and Its Peoples Third (3rd) Edition

Despite emancipation of slaves in the United States, African Americans lived under harsh conditions, including

"Jim Crow" laws that segregated public transportation, jobs, and schools.

A French army was driven out of Mexico by

Benito Juarez

How was the government in Canada organized?

Divided into provinces, each with a provincial governor

Independence in Brazil first occurred when

Emperor Pedro I declared Brazil a constitutional monarchy.

What were some of the challenges of nation building?

Everything had to be made from scratch: policies, laws, religion, governing documents, whether to allow slavery

In the nineteenth century, Mexico lost all but which of the following?

Florida to the United States

What are caudillos?

In Latin America, a personalist leader who gained and held political power without constitutional sanction.

How did abolition occur in Brazil?

It took much longer and wasn't abolished until the British barricaded their ports

Why was the territory a major loss for Mexico?

It was a massive amount of land and when gold was found in California, its wealth went to the U.S.

A naturalist who worked for environmental preservation was

John Muir.

What are personalist leaders?

Leaders who gained fame through military conquests

What did the Women's Rights convention discuss?

Lobbying for better working conditions for women, a greater variety of acceptable jobs, and full legal rights

Who objected to the Junta Central in Spanish America?

Loyalists to the king

What were relations between the Natives and the settlers like?

Many natives posed a threat to colonists, so imperial powers tried to limit settler expansion.

The two areas in Latin America that retained monarchy (initially) were

Mexico and Brazil.

Did Brazil remain a constitutional monarchy?

No, Pedro II was overthrown by republicans.

Who were abolitionists?

People who wanted to end slavery

What technological improvements changed the Argentine cattle industry at the end of the nineteenth century?

Refrigeration, the invention of barbed wire, lowered freight costs, the steamship

What social concept threatened to tear apart new nations?

Regionalism, where different areas won't submit to the same government because of political differences.

The Women's Rights Convention was held in

Seneca Falls, New York

What military leader gained prominence during the war for Venezuelan independence?

Simon Bolivar

The only Western hemisphere nation to industrialize was:

The United States

What group lead the revolution in Venezuela?

The creoles who wanted independence in order to gain power from the Spaniards/peninsulares.

What is acculturation?

The modification of the language, customs, values, and behaviors of culture.

What happened when Napoleon set his sights on Portugal after invading Spain?

The royal family of Portugal (King John) fled to their colony of Brazil.

What group of people fought to liberate Mexico?

The urban and rural poor who were being oppressed

How was abolition achieved in the Caribbean?

There wasn't a large push for abolition in the Caribbean so abolition was mainly a product of European mother countries' policies and decisions.

What were some similarities shared by Venezuelan leader José Antonio Páez and American Andrew Jackson?

They both had uneducated and poor beginnings, they both challenged constitutional limits to their power, they both were personalist leaders, they were both successful military leaders.

The economic success of the United States in the nineteenth century was exemplified by the

United States' railroad network.

One of the largest demands in "women's rights" in America took the form of:

demands for the right to vote

What were some significant preconditions for revolution in Mexico.

displacement of indigenous communities from their agricultural lands, rising unemployment in urban areas, crop failures and epidemics, increased food prices with decreased productivity.

One of the more vocal protestors of slavery came from which political faction?

emancipated slaves such as Frederick Douglass.

Morales, Hidalgo, and Iturbide were all radicals in the independence movements. All of them were

executed

One advantage that Amerindians in Argentina and Chile had in checking settlers' southern expansion was an unlimited food supply from

herds of wild cattle

One of the more significant problems facing Latin American independence movements was:

how to incorporate the Catholic church

An argument to end slavery was that it was

immoral and violated universal human rights.

Canada decided to reduce Asian immigration in the 1880s by

imposing a head tax on Chinese immigrants

To settle Texas in northeastern Mexico, the Mexican government

invited Americans to come live there.

The Mexican revolutionaries José María Morelos and Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla were

priests

After the profitability of sugar plantations declined, the British

pushed for the end of slavery

The unity of the United States was threatened by rivalries over issues such as

slavery.

Canadian efforts to assimilate immigrants included

teaching patriotism and English in school

France's support for slavery decreased after

the Haitian Revolution

Because Canada did not allow women to enter medical school before 1895, that country's first women doctors received their degrees in

the United States

Most of the immigrants from Asia after 1850 went to

the United States

The United States election of 1824 was controversial because:

the popular vote was superseded by the electoral college.

The Mapuche tribes were ultimately defeated in their attempt to resist the Chilean military campaigns because

they could not withstand the superior modern weaponry imported from industrialized nations.

The Junta Central was a political body established

to rule during the French occupation of Spain.

Perhaps the most critical feature to economic integration was which form of technology?

transportation

Working-class women transformed gender relations by

working outside the home

What U.S. abolishment of slavery cause?

A civil war in which the southern states seceded from the union but where defeated and reunified.

What type of government did Mexico transition to?

A constitutional monarchy

Who was Fredrick Douglas?

A former slave who was an abolitionist proponent and writer.

What was the Women's Rights convention?

A meeting in Seneca Falls, New York, of women angered by their exclusion from an international antislavery meeting.

What type of government did Mexico eventually keep permanently?

A republic

The U.S had massive population growth in the late 1800s, what is this mostly attributed to?

Abolition of slavery and industrialization. They needed more manual labor.

What United States leader abolished slavery?

Abraham Lincoln

What happened to Venezuela's government in the years following its liberation?

Although it was supposed to be based on a constitution, dictators where still able to take control by stretching the limits on their power.

Who took up Hidalgo's torch once he was executed?

Another priest, Jose Maria Morelos

One of the more popular destinations for immigration by Europeans was:

Argentina

Where were many immigrants from?

Asia, specifically China

Systematic resistance by Native Americans to U.S. government relocation is symbolized most by which event?

Battle of Little Bighorn

What other areas did Bolivar help to liberate?

Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia

What allowed for many of the revolutions to begin and succeed?

Conflict in Europe, Napoleon invading.

Slavery lasted longest on the Caribbean islands of

Cuba and Puerto Rico

How were immigrants treated?

Despite the economic and social advantages of immigrants, they were treated with extreme racism.

What invasion occurred in Mexico after it gave up Texas and other northern territories?

Mexico broke out into civil war and France took the opportunity to invade, deposing president Benito Juarez

Why was Venezuela split between loyalists and Patriots?

Napoleon had defeated and deposed the Spanish King Ferdinand. The loyalists didn't want independence they wanted Ferdinand restored. Patriots, the opposite.

The "crisis of legitimacy" that undermined colonial authority in Latin America was caused by:

Napoleon's invasion of Spain and Portugal.

Did King John stay in Brazil?

No. He went back to Portugal to protect his throne, but he left his son, Pedro, to rule Brazil.

Did France remain in Mexico?

No. They installed the Austrian Habsburg Maximilian as emperor, but Benito Juarez executed him after regaining power.

Who first led the Mexican revolution?

Padre Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

What happened in Brazil after King John left?

Pedro I declared Brazil independent and implemented a constitutional monarchy.

The Shawnee leader who created a large organized alliance of Amerindians of the Ohio River Valley and Great Britain was

Tecumseh

What was the war of 1812?

The U.S.'s second war with Britain. The British burned down the white house, but it was eventually rebuilt

Why did Mexico lose so much territory to the U.S.?

They had encouraged Americans to immigrate to Texas. Eventually the number of Americans in Mexico's northern border out numbered the natives.

How were Amerindians treated in Latin America?

They were crushed and driven onto marginal land. Much more harsh than the U.S. Some natives fought back and almost regained control, but didn't

What was the eventual fate of many of the natives?

They were pushed back as their territory was further restricted. They were often deported to more hostile environments where colonists didn't settle.

In the 1820's, Argentina and Brazil fought each other for control of which state?

Uruguay

Simón Bolívar created Gran Colombia, which unified

Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador into one nation.

What was the Trail of Tears?

What was originally known as the Indian Removal Act, forcing the resettlement of the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw and other eastern people to land west of the Mississippi River. Over half the natives died.

What political issue contributed to regionalism?

Whether or not to abolish slavery

Emperor Pedro I of Brazil published an article in which he called slavery

a "cancer eating away at Brazil."

The Industrial Revolution created new demand for metals such as copper, zinc, and tin. This led to

a mining boom in the United States, Chile, and Mexico.

The Caste War was

a popular uprising of Maya to take over the Yucatán

People who wanted slavery to be outlawed were called

abolitionists.

The modification of the language, customs, values, and behaviors of a group as a result of contact with people from another culture is called

acculturation

After awaiting the return of the Spanish king, Ferdinand IV, to the throne, loyalists were disappointed when he

agreed to accept a constitution that was seen as "too liberal."

When confronted with the choice of economic growth or environmental protection,

all nations chose economic growth.

The Confederation of 1867

created the Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa.

Much of Cuba's dense forest was cut for

expanding sugar production.

A significant difference in colonial political experiences is that the British colonies had

experience with elections, political parties and factions

Caribbean settlers were not enthusiastic about independence from European imperial governments because they

feared slave revolts

The Trail of Tears was the

forced resettlement of Cherokee, Creek, and Choctaw peoples.

Jose de San Martin's most effective troops were

former slaves.

The Plains Indians successfully resisted U.S. expansion in part because they

had become skilled users of horses and firearms

The Paraguayan War helped to end slavery in Brazil because large numbers of slaves

joined the Brazilian army in exchange for freedom.

The overthrow of the Venezuelan, Mexican, and Bolivian colonial governments was initially led by

landowning creoles.

When Napoleon Bonaparte deposed Spain's King Ferdinand IV, the colonial administrator in Mexico was overthrown because

local conservatives feared he would support the localist faction of American-born elites.

After the American Revolution, Amerindians

lost the territories previously promised by treaties with Britain

The independence of Argentina was accomplished by:

militarized merchants and ranchers.

US western expansion relied upon:

popular support of the idea of Manifest Destiny, railroads, aggressive diplomacy, warfare against the Mexican and Amerindian populations.