Chapter 9 assignment

What causes the formation of acetone, which eventually leaves the body through the lungs, causing breath with a fruity smell?

ketosis

Cancer cells use glycolysis and produce

lactate

Without sufficient____ cells cannot readily utilize glucose, resulting in rapid lipolysis and the excess production of ketone bodies

insulin

What is the name of the compounds formed in one of the many steps in a metabolic pathway?

intermediates

What are some of the key functions of the liver?

-alcohol metabolism -production of ketone bodies -nutrient storage

High ATP concentrations

-decrease energy-yielding reactions -promote anabolic reactions

Rank the steps in the disposal of excess amino groups from amino acid metabolism in the order of their occurrence.

1. Amino acids undergoing transamination or deamination reactions yield free nitrogen groups. 2. Urea forms in the liver. 3. Urea is transported to the kidneys. 4. Urea is excreted into urine.

Put the four stages of aerobic carbohydrate metabolism in the correct order.

1. Glycolysis 2. Transition reaction 3. Citric acid cycle 4.Electron transport chain

The term metabolism refers to which of the following?

A chemical process involved in maintaining life

During prolonged fasting, glucose-dependent cell's energy needs are met by

ketone bodies

To use amino acids as a fuel, they must

have their amino group removed be deaminated

What is the main purpose of newborn screenings?

identify infants with genetic and metabolic disorders

High ADP concentrations

increase in energy-yielding reactions

What is produced when oxaloacetate production is limited and the TCA cycle activity decreases?

ketone bodies

During anaerobic glycolysis, which compounds can regenerate or accumulate?

lactate and NAD+

The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called

lipolysis

After digestion and absorption, most nutrients pass through the

liver

What organ is responsible for the preparation of the amino groups for excretion in the urine through the urea cycle?

liver

Where can gluconeogenesis occur?

liver and kidneys cells

What part of the cell is the electron transport chain located in

mitochondria

Where are the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) mainly metabolized?

muscles

If a compound gains oxygen or loses hydrogen, it has been

oxidized

People with PKU need to avoid foods containing high amounts of

phenylalanine

The most common forms of glycogen storage disease lead to

poor physical growth liver enlargement

Which is an example of a catabolic process?

production of ATP from fatty acids

Low levels of insulin

promote gluconeogenesis, protein breakdown and lipolysis

Increased insulin levels

promote synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein

How many turns of the citric acid cycle does it take to process one glucose molecule?

two

Ketoacidosis occurs as a result of

uncontrolled type 1 diabetes

In the liver, the amino groups from amino acids and nitrogen from ammonia combine to form____

urea

Place in the correct order the steps that lead to ketosis.

1. insufficient insulin production 2. large amounts of fatty acids are released by the adipose cells 3. fatty acids flood liver and are converted to acetyl-CoA 4. citric acid cycle slows due to large production of ATP 5. ketone bodies are formed

Net ATP of electron transport chain

28 ATP

Net ATP of complete oxidation of glucose(total)

32 ATP

Net ATP of glycolysis

4 produced - 2 invested = 2 net ATP

During the first few days of fasting, body protein is broken down rapidly and supplies how much of the needed glucose for the body to function

90%

ATP is regenerated by adding phosphate back to

AMP ADP

Adenosine triphosphate, also known as ______is the main form of energy used by the body.

ATP

The concentration of___helps regulate metabolism.

ATP

What is the name of the main form of energy (not nutrient) used directly by the body?

ATP

Fasting and feasting ____ metabolism

Both affects

Typical fatty acids____ converted into glucose

Cannot be

Which of the following statements are true?

Carbohydrate can be used for fat synthesis. The glycerol part of triglycerides can be used to make glucose. Carbon skeletons from some amino acids can convert to glucose.

Which of the following is true about how carbohydrate aids in fat metabolism?

Carbohydrate makes the entire pathway for fatty acid oxidation work better. Pyruvate is produced by carbohydrate metabolism which keep the supply of oxaloacetate high.

Carnitine

Carrier that shuttles fatty acids into the mitochondria

Which of the following are pathways that are followed in the metabolism of alcohol?

Catalase pathway ADH pathway Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)

What are two options for acetyl-CoA once it has been produced?

Form ketones Combine with oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle

The genetic disease which results in a reduction of the metabolism of galactose to glucose is called

Galactosemia

Which of the following help regulate energy metabolism?

Hormones Minerals Enzymes

Aerobic

Making ATP in the presence of oxygen

Anaerobic

Making ATP without oxygen

Which of the following foods should someone with PKU avoid?

Milk Meats Eggs

To prolong survival during fasting, the body goes through which of the following adaptations?

Nervous system uses less glucose Reduction in energy requirements Slowing of metabolic rate

______functions as the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide during intense aerobic exercise.

Niacin

What molecule is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions during aerobic respiration?

Oxygen

Why is oxygen essential to energy production?

Oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions.

Altered glucose metabolism by cancer cells allows these cells to grow____

Rapidly

Cellular respiration

Removing electrons from food molecules to produce energy

Which two of the following vitamins assist dehydrogenase enzymes and therefore play a role in transferring the hydrogens from energy-yielding compounds to oxygen in the metabolic pathways of the cell?

Riboflavin Niacin

Fatty acid oxidation

The breakdown of fatty acids to produce ATP

Lipolysis

The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol

What can happen when calorie supplies are insufficient or exceed needs?

The type of macronutrient used to generate energy changes. The rate at which macronutrients are converted to energy changes.

Which of the following is true about oxidation-reduction reactions?

These reactions go together--one cannot occur without the other.

How does carbohydrate aid fatty acid oxidation?

by providing additional oxaloacetate

What are two functions of glycolysis?

To produce energy To provide building blocks for synthesizing other needed compounds.

What are other names for the citric acid cycle?

Tricarboxylic acid cycle, Krebs cycle

Catabolic pathways produce which of the following from the production of ATP?

Water Heat Carbon dioxide

When is anaerobic metabolism used to produce ATP?

When oxygen is lacking In cells without mitochondria

In the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway, alcohol is first converted to

acetaldehyde

Which process is considered more efficient at converting the energy in glucose to energy stored as ATp?

aerobic metabolism

The MEOS pathway is used during moderate to excessive alcohol consumption to prevent the toxic effects of

alcohol acetaldehyde

What is the name of the main pathway for alcohol metabolism?

alcohol dehydrogenase

Protein metabolism begins after proteins are degraded into

amino acids

Energy (ATP) can be formed from

amino acids fatty acids glucose

The use of amino acids as a fuel will result in the removal of the amino group from the amino acid. This amino group, which contains nitrogen, is converted to ______.. This substance must be removed from the body as its buildup is toxic. This substance is removed from the body through urea, which is eventually excreted in urine.

ammonia

Combining glucose to make the more complex molecule of glycogen is considered

anabolic

During the periods of growth, such as when new tissue is being made, the body is in a(n) ____ state

anabolic

During high intensity exercise muscle cells rely heavily on____ glycolysis to produce ATP.

anaerobic

How do cells without mitochondria (such as red blood cells) produce ATP?

anaerobic metabolism

What is another name for fatty acid oxidation?

beta oxidation

Catabolism

breaking down compounds to small units

The removal of the amino group produces____ _____, which are then used to make ATP in a variety of different ways.

carbon skeletons

During the periods of weight loss or during a wasting disease, such as cancer, the body is in a(n) _____ state

catabolic

In galactosemia, a buildup of galactose in the blood can lead to

cataracts intellectual disability bacterial infections

ATP is _____ recycled

constantly being

What are two steps involved in the anaerobic glycolysis pathways?

conversion of pyruvate to lactate glycolysis

In what part of the cell does the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway predominantly function?

cytoplasm

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm of the cell

Lean body mass that declines below 50% (catabolism) due to fasting will result in

death

When a person is in a state of semistarvation, the amount of glucose in the body falls. As a result, insulin production

decreases

The final pathway of aerobic respiration is

electron transport chain

The pathway in the cellular respiration of glucose that uses electrons and hydrogen ions to ultimately form water and ATP is called

electron transport chain

During_____alcohol intake the body uses the MEOS pathway.

excessive moderate

The result of feasting is the accumulation of body

fat

Identify the consequences of feasting.

fat accumulation increased insulin production increased burning of glucose for energy

Which yields the most ATP?

fatty acid

What is the name of the pathway that is used to produce glucose from amino acids?

gluconeogenesis

During glycolysis, glucose is converted to two units of____

pyruvate

A substance is ______ when it gains 1 or more electrons.

reduced

Choose the best definition of cellular respiration.

removing electrons from food molecules to obtain energy

The Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children recommends

screening for 35 core conditions