Chapter 9 assignment
What causes the formation of acetone, which eventually leaves the body through the lungs, causing breath with a fruity smell?
ketosis
Cancer cells use glycolysis and produce
lactate
Without sufficient____ cells cannot readily utilize glucose, resulting in rapid lipolysis and the excess production of ketone bodies
insulin
What is the name of the compounds formed in one of the many steps in a metabolic pathway?
intermediates
What are some of the key functions of the liver?
-alcohol metabolism -production of ketone bodies -nutrient storage
High ATP concentrations
-decrease energy-yielding reactions -promote anabolic reactions
Rank the steps in the disposal of excess amino groups from amino acid metabolism in the order of their occurrence.
1. Amino acids undergoing transamination or deamination reactions yield free nitrogen groups. 2. Urea forms in the liver. 3. Urea is transported to the kidneys. 4. Urea is excreted into urine.
Put the four stages of aerobic carbohydrate metabolism in the correct order.
1. Glycolysis 2. Transition reaction 3. Citric acid cycle 4.Electron transport chain
The term metabolism refers to which of the following?
A chemical process involved in maintaining life
During prolonged fasting, glucose-dependent cell's energy needs are met by
ketone bodies
To use amino acids as a fuel, they must
have their amino group removed be deaminated
What is the main purpose of newborn screenings?
identify infants with genetic and metabolic disorders
High ADP concentrations
increase in energy-yielding reactions
What is produced when oxaloacetate production is limited and the TCA cycle activity decreases?
ketone bodies
During anaerobic glycolysis, which compounds can regenerate or accumulate?
lactate and NAD+
The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called
lipolysis
After digestion and absorption, most nutrients pass through the
liver
What organ is responsible for the preparation of the amino groups for excretion in the urine through the urea cycle?
liver
Where can gluconeogenesis occur?
liver and kidneys cells
What part of the cell is the electron transport chain located in
mitochondria
Where are the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) mainly metabolized?
muscles
If a compound gains oxygen or loses hydrogen, it has been
oxidized
People with PKU need to avoid foods containing high amounts of
phenylalanine
The most common forms of glycogen storage disease lead to
poor physical growth liver enlargement
Which is an example of a catabolic process?
production of ATP from fatty acids
Low levels of insulin
promote gluconeogenesis, protein breakdown and lipolysis
Increased insulin levels
promote synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein
How many turns of the citric acid cycle does it take to process one glucose molecule?
two
Ketoacidosis occurs as a result of
uncontrolled type 1 diabetes
In the liver, the amino groups from amino acids and nitrogen from ammonia combine to form____
urea
Place in the correct order the steps that lead to ketosis.
1. insufficient insulin production 2. large amounts of fatty acids are released by the adipose cells 3. fatty acids flood liver and are converted to acetyl-CoA 4. citric acid cycle slows due to large production of ATP 5. ketone bodies are formed
Net ATP of electron transport chain
28 ATP
Net ATP of complete oxidation of glucose(total)
32 ATP
Net ATP of glycolysis
4 produced - 2 invested = 2 net ATP
During the first few days of fasting, body protein is broken down rapidly and supplies how much of the needed glucose for the body to function
90%
ATP is regenerated by adding phosphate back to
AMP ADP
Adenosine triphosphate, also known as ______is the main form of energy used by the body.
ATP
The concentration of___helps regulate metabolism.
ATP
What is the name of the main form of energy (not nutrient) used directly by the body?
ATP
Fasting and feasting ____ metabolism
Both affects
Typical fatty acids____ converted into glucose
Cannot be
Which of the following statements are true?
Carbohydrate can be used for fat synthesis. The glycerol part of triglycerides can be used to make glucose. Carbon skeletons from some amino acids can convert to glucose.
Which of the following is true about how carbohydrate aids in fat metabolism?
Carbohydrate makes the entire pathway for fatty acid oxidation work better. Pyruvate is produced by carbohydrate metabolism which keep the supply of oxaloacetate high.
Carnitine
Carrier that shuttles fatty acids into the mitochondria
Which of the following are pathways that are followed in the metabolism of alcohol?
Catalase pathway ADH pathway Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
What are two options for acetyl-CoA once it has been produced?
Form ketones Combine with oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle
The genetic disease which results in a reduction of the metabolism of galactose to glucose is called
Galactosemia
Which of the following help regulate energy metabolism?
Hormones Minerals Enzymes
Aerobic
Making ATP in the presence of oxygen
Anaerobic
Making ATP without oxygen
Which of the following foods should someone with PKU avoid?
Milk Meats Eggs
To prolong survival during fasting, the body goes through which of the following adaptations?
Nervous system uses less glucose Reduction in energy requirements Slowing of metabolic rate
______functions as the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide during intense aerobic exercise.
Niacin
What molecule is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions during aerobic respiration?
Oxygen
Why is oxygen essential to energy production?
Oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions.
Altered glucose metabolism by cancer cells allows these cells to grow____
Rapidly
Cellular respiration
Removing electrons from food molecules to produce energy
Which two of the following vitamins assist dehydrogenase enzymes and therefore play a role in transferring the hydrogens from energy-yielding compounds to oxygen in the metabolic pathways of the cell?
Riboflavin Niacin
Fatty acid oxidation
The breakdown of fatty acids to produce ATP
Lipolysis
The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol
What can happen when calorie supplies are insufficient or exceed needs?
The type of macronutrient used to generate energy changes. The rate at which macronutrients are converted to energy changes.
Which of the following is true about oxidation-reduction reactions?
These reactions go together--one cannot occur without the other.
How does carbohydrate aid fatty acid oxidation?
by providing additional oxaloacetate
What are two functions of glycolysis?
To produce energy To provide building blocks for synthesizing other needed compounds.
What are other names for the citric acid cycle?
Tricarboxylic acid cycle, Krebs cycle
Catabolic pathways produce which of the following from the production of ATP?
Water Heat Carbon dioxide
When is anaerobic metabolism used to produce ATP?
When oxygen is lacking In cells without mitochondria
In the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway, alcohol is first converted to
acetaldehyde
Which process is considered more efficient at converting the energy in glucose to energy stored as ATp?
aerobic metabolism
The MEOS pathway is used during moderate to excessive alcohol consumption to prevent the toxic effects of
alcohol acetaldehyde
What is the name of the main pathway for alcohol metabolism?
alcohol dehydrogenase
Protein metabolism begins after proteins are degraded into
amino acids
Energy (ATP) can be formed from
amino acids fatty acids glucose
The use of amino acids as a fuel will result in the removal of the amino group from the amino acid. This amino group, which contains nitrogen, is converted to ______.. This substance must be removed from the body as its buildup is toxic. This substance is removed from the body through urea, which is eventually excreted in urine.
ammonia
Combining glucose to make the more complex molecule of glycogen is considered
anabolic
During the periods of growth, such as when new tissue is being made, the body is in a(n) ____ state
anabolic
During high intensity exercise muscle cells rely heavily on____ glycolysis to produce ATP.
anaerobic
How do cells without mitochondria (such as red blood cells) produce ATP?
anaerobic metabolism
What is another name for fatty acid oxidation?
beta oxidation
Catabolism
breaking down compounds to small units
The removal of the amino group produces____ _____, which are then used to make ATP in a variety of different ways.
carbon skeletons
During the periods of weight loss or during a wasting disease, such as cancer, the body is in a(n) _____ state
catabolic
In galactosemia, a buildup of galactose in the blood can lead to
cataracts intellectual disability bacterial infections
ATP is _____ recycled
constantly being
What are two steps involved in the anaerobic glycolysis pathways?
conversion of pyruvate to lactate glycolysis
In what part of the cell does the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway predominantly function?
cytoplasm
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm of the cell
Lean body mass that declines below 50% (catabolism) due to fasting will result in
death
When a person is in a state of semistarvation, the amount of glucose in the body falls. As a result, insulin production
decreases
The final pathway of aerobic respiration is
electron transport chain
The pathway in the cellular respiration of glucose that uses electrons and hydrogen ions to ultimately form water and ATP is called
electron transport chain
During_____alcohol intake the body uses the MEOS pathway.
excessive moderate
The result of feasting is the accumulation of body
fat
Identify the consequences of feasting.
fat accumulation increased insulin production increased burning of glucose for energy
Which yields the most ATP?
fatty acid
What is the name of the pathway that is used to produce glucose from amino acids?
gluconeogenesis
During glycolysis, glucose is converted to two units of____
pyruvate
A substance is ______ when it gains 1 or more electrons.
reduced
Choose the best definition of cellular respiration.
removing electrons from food molecules to obtain energy
The Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children recommends
screening for 35 core conditions