Chapter 9: Autonomy
What are the 4 measures of emotional autonomy in regard to parents?
- Extent to which adolescent deidealizes parents -Extent to which adolescent sees parents as people -Extent to which adolescent depends on themselves, rather than on parents -Extent to which adolescent feels individuated within the relationship with his/her parents
Involvement in community service leads to which two things?
- Gains in social responsibility - Gains in tolerance
What are the tree components of autonomy?
- emotional (feeling independently) - behavioral (acting independently) - cognitive (thinking independently)
Autonomy has two additional components to independence. What are they?
- emotional independence - cognitive independence
Developing autonomy is a predominant issue in adolescence due to which three things?
- physical changes - cognitive changes - social changes
What are the three trends of cognitive autonomy during adolescence?
1. Increasingly abstract in moral, political, and religious issues 2. Beliefs become rooted in general principles 3. Beliefs become founded in the young person's own values.
Older adolescents show improvements in which four things?
1. awareness of risks 2. considering consequences 3. turning to a consultant 4. recognizing vested interests
Two reasons adolescents improve decision making skills: ___ and ____. Both are the result of the maturation of the ____ where synaptic pruning and increased myelination of neuronal fibers.
1. decisions are less influenced by the potential to produce an immediate reward 2. improvement in impulse control prefrontal cortex
What are Kohlberg's three levels of moral reasoning?
1. preconventional 2. conventional 3. postconventional1
____ thwart adolescents' needs for independence --> more dependence and rebelliousness
Authoritarian
____ parents allow healthy amounts of autonomy --> less conflict and more closeness.
Authoritative
Making independent decisions and following through on them
Behavioral autonomy
Developing an independent set of beliefs, values, and principles Resisting peer and parental pressures Thinking for oneself
Cognitive autonomy
____ influence how a person acts when facing moral dilemmas in the real world.
Contextual factors
Moral Reasoning (following societal rules and norms) Begins to appear in preadolescence
Conventional
Adolescents are driven to separate emotionally from parents. Conflict is normal.
Detachment
____ is a period of growing independence and autonomy.
Early adolescence
Gaining emotional independence in relationships with others, especially parents
Emotional Autonomy
An individual's capacity to behave on his or her own (behavioral independence)
Independence
Gradual process that begins during infancy Does not involve stress or turmoil Acceptance of responsibility for choices and actions
Individuation
Grounded in Piaget's cognitive development theory Three primary stages of moral development Two sub-stages within each primary stage
Kohlberg's Theory
How individuals think about moral dilemmas and make moral judgments
Moral reasoning
Does research support Freud?
NO
____ are more influential regarding long-term issues and basic values.
Parents
___ opinions are more influential for day-to-day matters.
Peers'
____ parents --> child less autonomous and more influenced by peers
Permissive
Moral Reasoning (most abstract and advanced) Appears in late adolescence, if at all
Postconventional
Moral Reasoning (worrying about punishment/reward) Predominates children's thinking
Preconventional
____ reasoning becomes more sophisticated, but changes in the actual prosocial behavior are not consistently found in adoelscence.
Prosocial
(helping others)
Prosocial behavior
_____ stimulates movement toward individuation
Social cognitive development
Religious beliefs become more ____, more ___, and more independent during adolescent years.
abstract and principled
Political thinking becomes more ___, less ____ and rigid, and more ____ (increase in a consistent set of attitudes; an ideaology).
abstract; authoritarian; principled
Adolescents whose parents are ____ or ___ are most easily influenced by peers, especially in antisocial situations.
authoritarian or permissive
Adolescents from ___ homes are less susceptible to antisocial peer pressure but more so to positive peers.
authoritative
In general, the subjective feelings of ____ increase steadily over adolescent years.
autonomy
Compared to non-religious adolescents, religious adolescents are .... because religious adolescents have additional positive influences in their life that promote positive development
better adjusted, less depressed, less likely to engage in premarital sexual intercourse, less likely to use drugs, and less likely to engage in delinquent behavior
With the development of ___ autonomy, there are changes in the adolescent's beliefs, opinions, and values.
cognitive
better decision-making, thinking about abstract concepts, evaluating advice from others, relativistic thinking
cognitive changes
Conformity to peers is higher during ___ and ___ adolescence.
early and middle
But today's teens also have become more _____ on their families than prior generations.
economically reliant
Parents: Conditions that encourage both individuation and ____ facilitate autonomy.
emotional closeness
Physical changes in adolescence leads them to look to peers more than parents for _____.
emotional support
Current view on detachment: Adolescents can become _____ from their parents without becoming detached from them.
emotionally autonomous
Physical changes have an _____ basis: increase in novelty seeking and exploration draws adolescent away from home to reproduce outside of family.
evolutionary
Today's teens spend more time away from the direct supervision of adults than prior generations requiring them to ____.
govern their own behavior
Establishing healthy sense of autonomy is actually a ____ process.
lifelong
Kohlberg used ___ challenging stories. Kohlberg was more interested in the ___ behind people's explanations rather than the answer.
morally; reasoning
Pubertal changes in a teen's appearance provoke changes in how teen views self and how parents view teen, which alters ____ interactions.
parent-adolescent
Freud's psychoanalytic theory suggests that the ___ of puberty disrupt a family system.
physical changes
Moral reasoning becomes more ___ over the course of childhood and adolescence.
principled
Anna Freud expressed a ____ theory on emotional autonomy.
psychoanalytic
____ triggers individuation.
pubertal changes
As adolescents experience physical changes, they go through ____, which leads to interest in intimate friendships, dating, and sexual relationships.
puberty
The stated importance of religion- and participation in an organized religion (___)- declines or increases during the adolescent years?
religiousity declines
Adolescents who have a stronger sense of self-reliance also have higher ___ and fewer ___.
self-esteem and behavior problems
During the development of behavioral autonomy, there are changes in feelings of ___.
self-reliance
Adolescent girls report feeling more ___ than boys do.
self-reliant
Freud's psychoanalytic theory suggests that the resurgence of ____ increase family tensions ("storm and stress").
sexual impulses
New roles require more responsibility and self-reliance
social changes
The result of more sophisticated thinking about oneself and one's parents
social cognitive development
Beliefs become more oriented toward ___ and ideological matters and less oriented toward rituals, practices, and the strict observance of religious customs.
spiritual
During the development of behavioral autonomy, individuals experience changes in ____ to influence.
susceptibility
Current research supports a ____ of family relationships, not a breaking off, through a gradual process called ____.
transformation; individuation