Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration

Oxidative phosphorylation

(accounts for most of the ATP synthesis)electron transport and chemiosmosis (color-coded violet)

Glycolysis

(color-coded teal throughout the chapter)(breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate)

ATP Yield of Aerobic Respiration (For Prokaryotic Cell)

2 NADH from Glycolysis --- -2.5*2---------• 5 2 (Net) ATP from Glycolysis -------------------2 • 2 NADH from transition step --------------5 • 2 ATP from TCA cycle ---•2 6 NADH from TCA cycle ------------------------•15 2 FADH2 from TCA cycle --3 ATP Yield Total (theoretical) ATP from one glucose molecule --- 32 ATP Look at power point slide study it

Summary how many ATP will be yielded from the complete Oxidation from one glucose molecule

32

substrate-level phosphorylation

A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by " " Once the enzyme finishes it, it will continue again and again.

energy molecules that are produced throughout the pathway

ATP NADH FADH2 Producing energy is making ADP-ATP Review the table that is on the power point slide

How is energy produced in the ETC

ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP

Respiration can be

Aerobic Anaerobic

Krebs Cycle/Glycolysis and Glucose process

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat)

Biosynthesis (Anabolic Pathway

Calvin cycle uses CO2 and energy to make organic compounds. Look at power point slides The Calvin cycle takes molecules CO2 and utilizing energy to make glucose ATP going to ADP you are using energy.

redox reactions

Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants are called oxidation-reduction reactions

In the ETC, what happens during chemiosmosis

Chemiosmosis, the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work •The H+ gradient is referred to as a proton-motive force, emphasizing its capacity to do work This structure spins and as it spins it makes ATP. The whole cylinder Constantly has to make this stuff 10,million ATP in 1 sec

what are the three names for the same cycle

Citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle and Krebs cycle are all synonymous

TCA Cycle process

Each "turn" of the TCA cycle produces 1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH2 Not actually breaking the molecule down but it is rearranging the molecule and producing energy

TCA Cycle

Each "turn" of the TCA cycle produces 1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH2

Electron Transport Chain (ct)

Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space

ETC

Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain

etc

Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to O2, forming H2O

Electron carriers

Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, FAD, or NADP -As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration -Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+) represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP

In the ETC how does Aerobic Respiration work

Electrons of the electron chain transferred to oxygen (i.e. O2 is the terminal electron acceptor) Donate electrons in the electron transport chain and O

How does energy flow

Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat

Fermentation

Fermentation uses substrate-level phosphorylation instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP

starting compound (of glycolysis) For TCA cycle

Glucose 6 carbon compound you used energy in this step There is an enzyme in every step of glucose, every arrow represents the presents of an arrow

The Stages of Cellular Respiration:

Glycolysis, Citric acid Cycle & Oxidative phosphorylation

What happens to the H+ in the ETC

H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through the ATP synthase

ATP Equivalents

How many ATP's are generated from NADH and FADH2 -2.5 ATP generated for each NADH -1.5 ATP generated for each FADH2

Dilemah of NAD+ and it does not go through the chain. and this is Fermentation it will be blocked off

If it cant regenerate NAD+ the organism will die. Normally in respiration you have lots of energy molecules, do not have those options during ATP

process of Fermentation L lactate is a waste product

In next step the transition step happens and the acytl CoA goes through the electrotransport chain The little break from the last chain is fermientation

Transition Step a single step this is from the end products of Glucose

In the presence of O2, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion (in eukaryotic cells) where the oxidation of glucose is completed Want to be completly oxidized into CO2

Citric acid cycle class disussion

In the process of the kreb cycle one pyruvate which is transferred into an Acetyl CoA that will produces 2 CO2 3 NADH 3 H 1 FADH2

fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. Alcohol fermentation produces the yeast Lactic acid causes the taste •Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce only 2 ATP per glucose compared to respiration. Far less efficient. Horribly inefficient Usually an acid or alcahol

NAD+ + H gives you NADH + H+

NAD+ The H+ is that taking of the electron, it stills that e- from the 2nd molecule This is considered to be the electron carrier.

Regeneration of NAD+ after fermentation

NAD+ regenerated and Glycolysis can repeat -Lactic acid -Butyric acid -Propionic acids -Ethanol One additional form Pyruvate back to lactate is one step, and that is the only organism produced. Different molecular formula. Pyruvate you take the enzyme and the aventalcyde and turns it into ethenol. this is some kind of waste product that is secreted out in the cell.

Glycolysis generates ATP and NADH

NADH must be oxidized back to NAD+ or glycolysis shuts down •Organic molecule used as terminal electron acceptor

Most cellular respiration requires

O2 to produce ATP •without O2, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP

Transition Step (pic)

On. Te step process it pushes the pyruvate inside, and pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA There is energy in the pyruvate. You are making energy molecules and you are producing an energy molecule. This will occur twice, process can occur many times. One NADH for each pyruvate to make acetyl CoA

Glycolysis (energy payoff phase)

Payoff needs to be bigger than payoff

Respiration

Process by which the NADH & FADH2 generated in glycolysis and TCA cycle are used to make ATP (energy)

Glycolysis (energy investment phase) Only one with the investment phase

Produce 2 ATP you used 2 so you are 2 in the whole. Gained two more so your net is 2. 2 NADH and 2 Pyruvate

In the middle of glycolysis and Citric acid cycle

Pyruvate oxidation (completes the breakdown of glucose)

End products

Pyruvate, the end product is pyruvate Glucose is being oxidized into pyruvate

Integration of metabolism

Rate of metabolism will increase at room temperature. Example: milk turning to yogurt, butter or cheese These intermediates can go both ways, the re are different ways to metabolize the products You dont completly oxidize stuff through CO2 only one black line is lactic acid, any number or alcohol, this produces waste products.

Integration of Metabolism

Reiterate we consume lots of products. Doesn't matter what you are consuming the compounds are being metabolized through same process, but goes through different pathways, broken down in different components, entering at different places The arrows can go both ways

Fermentation Reiterate

Respiration and fermentation have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentation and O2 in aerobic cellular respiration •Cellular respiration produces 32 ATP per glucose molecule; fermentation produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule

Explain Anaerobic Respiration

Terminal electron acceptor is something other than O2 (i.e. anaerobic respiration occurs in absence of O2) Less efitient

Examples of anaerobic respiration

Terminal electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration include •Nitrate (NO3 -), Iron (Fe+3), Sulfate (SO4 -2), rarely organic molecules

ATP Synthase

That converts proton gradient into ATP. Without that molecule all the first step is for nothing

Biosynthesis

The body uses small molecules to build other substances oppisite take small subunits, connect them together to make larger molecules and ATP is used everything to this point has been Catabolic

Does the Electron Transport Chain generate ATP.

The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly

Mitochondria structure

The electron transport chain is in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion

First step

The electrons will be used, not lost but to push the protons against the gradient, once it pumps enough then it will pass it to the next complex and the next H gets moved up, then it gives it to another complex to another energy state, and goes to another complex. Once they get to the end then they are useless to the chain, then they will be given to O2, Now O2 will be required to ability to form covalent bond with H2 and it forms water a perfect molecule to form

Glycolysis this pic in power point

The one leg times 2 so the numbers are the same, the net is two, end pyruvate all numbers are same.

Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction

The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules -This released energy is ultimately used to synthesize ATP

Respiration Quick overview

The whole process is respiration, O2 is the terminal electron acceptor, if no O2 then you undergo aerobic or Fermintation

How do you regenerate the NADH

There is a limited amount of NAD+ in any given cell. it goes back through the chain There are substrates, you need NAD+ and glycolysis will not happen. You can not ever run out of NAD+ One glucose molecule in the process of ATP is 2 total. this is an ineffitient process. 2 ATP per Glucose molecule

Biosynthesis (Anabolic Pathways)

These small molecules may come directly from food, from glycolysis, or from the citric acid cycle Ribulose Diphosphate was the most abundunt enzyme on the planet, this is what happens under photosynthesis This is what they have to have it is the enzyme to bind or capture CO2 from the atmosphere Opposite use small molecules to build macro molecules

The Stages of Cellular Respiration:

Ultimate effect will produce ATP and other molecules are produced like NADH and FADH2 is to make ATP. Checks, credit cards, need to convert them to use them through out the cell

reduction

a substance gains electrons, or is reduced (the amount of positive charge is reduced) -LEO GER -OIL RIG

oxidation

a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized

Oxidative phosphorylation

accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration making ATP through the use of the electro transport chain. The substrates bind the enzyme. when ATP is synthesized it is called substrate level phosphoration

Two common types of Fermentation

alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

Another electron can not go through to the gradient

because one is always going through the electrons do not go up through the electron transport chain. The way you make energy is by building the proton gradient. when you give the electrons to nitrate you only push two. Aerobic is more efficient than aerobic, because it use the electro transport chain, and it allows it to use more proton gradient. Eukaryotas are mostly to aerobic.

Following glycolysis

but before the citric acid cycle, pyruvate is converted to acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)The transition step links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle

next seven steps Of the Citric acid cycle

decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a cycle •The NADH and FADH2 produced by the cycle relay electrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain

NADH passes the electrons to the

electron transport chain This is how the energy in NADH is going to make the electron or make ATP by utilizing the electron transport chain. Controlled process do not want these reactions to occur randomly If so you have to much energy cell would die. efficiency 40%. Far more efficient than a car

Respiration or Fermintation

if it is fermentation it is produced into a different molecule.

Glycolysis occurs

in the cytoplasm and has two major phases -Energy investment phase -Energy payoff phase • Glycolysis occurs whether or not O2 is present O2 is present Big metabolic pathway both prokaryotes and eukaryotes this process happens in cytoplasm.

Cellular respiration

includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration

ATP aerobic respiration

is funneled through to generate energy in other forms. approximatly 32 ATP for one glucose molecule

ATP synthase what it does

it allows the protons to zip through the channel to go down the gradient. uses the electrons to go through the gradient, it spins because the protons are going through In process of spinning ADP and a phosphate creates ATP.

Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel

it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose

Calvin cycle

it is taking CO2 and using energy to make glucose, the process is anabolic What is the name of the calvin cycle, what is the pathway. Anabolic pathway

The Acetyl group of Acetyl CoA

joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate

Energy investment, Payoff and Net of glycolysis

one leg they account for that with 2 molecules The metabolic pathway is a substrate phosphoralation

Unlike an uncontrolled reaction

the electron transport chain passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction

Process of how ATP is used in the electro transport chain is The oxidation phosphoraltion

•1 NADH pumps 10 protons across the mitochondria membrane •(most agree) that it takes 4 H+ moving through the ATP synthase to generate 1 ATP The electrons will be used, not lost but to push the protons against the gradient, once it pumps enough then it will pass it to the next complex and the next H gets moved up, then it gives it to another complex to another energy state, and goes to another complex. Once they get to the end then they are useless to the chain, then they will be given to O2, Now O2 will be required to ability to form covalent bond with H2 and it forms water a perfect molecule to form