Chapter 9 Illicit Drug Use Study Guide

The legal status of a drug is contingent on the social perception that its use ______. A.may impede an individual's ability to perform essential roles B.can cause irreparable harm to the individual C.has no medical value D.will result in harm to the society

A. may impede an individual's ability to perform essential roles

Which term refers to a physiological dependence on a substance?

Addiction

Distinguish between addiction and tolerance.

Addiction refers to a physiological dependence on a substance. It can also involve psychological dependence, which is a strong emotional need for the substance in the absence of a physical dependence on it. Tolerance refers to needing more and more of a substance to experience the desirable response. It can also refer to a noticeably diminished response when the amount of a substance is not changed.

Which statement accurately compares demographic groups on their illicit drug use? A.The Latinx population uses more drugs than Indigenous Americans.B.Asian Americans use more drugs than African Americans.C.The Latinx population uses more drugs than African Americans.D.African Americans use more drugs than the Latinx population.

African Americans use more drugs than the Latinx population.

What is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide?

Cannabis

What is distinct about the third wave of drug overdose deaths in the United States? A.It occurred because doctors did not realize how addictive opioids were. B.It involved a sudden increase in heroin use .C.It involved more adolescents. D.It involved the use of synthetic opioids.

D. It involved the use of synthetic opioids.

African Americans use more illicit drugs than Indigenous Americans.

False

African Americans use more illicit drugs than Indigenous Americans. True False

False

In the context of drug addiction, tolerance occurs when the physical effects produced by the substance can only be sustained through its continual use. True False

False

Of three subcultures identified by Cloward and Ohlin, the criminal subculture is most relevant for understanding illicit drug use.

False

People identifying as LGBTQ are much less likely to use illicit drugs than the rest of the population. True False

False

The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ( DSM-5) recognizes both substance abuse and substance dependency. True False

False

Which approach to understanding illicit drug use focuses on the way that risk-taking behaviors are adopted because they are fun?

Katz, seduction of crime

In what region of the world is opioid use highest?

North America

How does male drug use compare to female drug use?

Overall, men use more illicit drugs than women do. Specifically, men use marijuana, amphetamines, nonprescription Adderall and Ritalin, and hallucinogenics more than women. Narcotic pain relievers, such as Vicodin, are less frequently used by men than women.

Distinguish between how each of the four concepts that make up Akers' social learning approach contributes to understanding illicit drug use.

Ronald Akers' social learning approach to understanding illicit drug use includes four interrelated concepts: differential association, definitions, differential reinforcement, and imitation. These concepts provide a framework for understanding why people use illicit drugs. Differential association refers to the extent of interaction with members of groups that engage in illicit drug use. Definitions of illicit drug use as justifiable, desirable, and pleasurable are learned through this differential association. Differential reinforcement refers to believing that the rewards of illicit drug use exceed any negative impact. Imitation refers to modeling personal illicit drug use on the illicit drug use of others.

The classification of a substance as a drug is dependent upon _____

Social and cultural conventions

Compare and contrast the cognitive association approach , euphoria approach , and the seduction of substance use approach to understanding illicit drug use.

The cognitive association approach , euphoria approach , and the seduction of substance use approach to understanding illicit drug use all address the onset and continuation of illicit drug use. They speak to the attraction of continued drug use. There are subtle differences. Lindesmith's view of substance dependency (cognitive association) came first. It focuses on the association of severe distress with the cessation of drug use. If an individual believes (this is the cognitive component) that physical or emotional disorder can only be averted (this is the association component) if he or she continues to engage in substance use, then continued drug use, leading to dependency, will result. McAuliffe and Gordon's euphoria approach followed Lindesmith. They focus on the intense good feelings associated with drug use, particularly heroin, as the key factor that induces users to begin and continue using illicit drugs. When individuals stop using the illicit drug, they experience an absence of euphoria, which is the source of symptoms associated with "withdrawal." Finally, Katz's seduction of crime approach, which is more similar to McAuliffe and Gordon's approach than to Lindesmith's approach, suggests that individuals use illicit drugs because they are inherently exciting. Their use provides an adrenaline "rush" or "high" apart from the effects of the substance itself.

Which of the following correctly compares world regions based on their rates of cocaine use?

The rates of cocaine use are higher in North America than in Oceania.

What role does the retreatist subculture play in illicit drug use?

The retreatist subculture can provide access to illicit drugs and a safe place to engage in illicit drug use. Participants in retreatist subcultures learn to use illicit drugs, are taught various justifications for their use and how to avoid notice by the police and other authorities.

What do all substances classified as drugs have in common?

They all produce recognizable physiological effects

According to the generally used definition of a drug, caffeine is a drug.

True

Addiction refers to a physiological dependence on a substance. True False

True

South America reports the lowest rate of cocaine use. True False

True

In what region of the world is cannabis used most often?

West Africa

In what region of the world is cannabis used most often? A.West Africa B.Canada C.the United States of America D.the Netherlands

West Africa

In what region of the world is cannabis used most often? A.the Netherlands B.Canada C.West Africa D.the United States of America

West Africa

Which term refers to a physiological dependence on a substance?

addiction

In the United States, in what age-group does drug use peak?

age 18-25

In the United States, in what age-group does drug use peak? A.age 12-17 B.age 47-55 C.age 29-35 D.age 18-25

age 18-25

Which substance below is used more frequently by college students compared to their noncollege peers?

amphetamines

What is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide?

cannabis

What is the most commonly used drug in the United States?

marijuana

The legal status of a drug is contingent on the social perception that its use ______.

may impede an individual's ability to perform essential roles

In the United States, which drug is responsible for the most fatal overdoses?

opioids

Joe suffered a back injury when deployed and became addicted to OxyContin. When he was unable to legally obtain this drug, he began injecting heroin. In order to find the heroin, he accessed what Cloward and Ohlin would call a ______ subculture. A.retreatist B.violent C.criminal D.drug

retreatist

When applying the opportunity structures approach to understanding illicit drug use, ______ subcultures provide access to illicit drugs and a supportive environment for their use.

retreatist

Jae enjoys taking fentanyl. Over time, he finds that he must take more of the drug to achieve the effect he desires. Jae is experiencing ___

tolerance

Caesar has been taking methamphetamines for a few weeks. When he tries to stop, he can't sleep, he experiences severe emotional distress, and he feels as though he has the flu. What is Caesar experiencing? A.substance use disorder B.withdrawal C.dependence D.tolerance

withdrawl