Chapter 9 PSYC 430: prejudice

What are some of the sources of prejudice?

Family socialization Family attitudes family values

What conclusions can be drawn from research on gender stereotypes?

Gender stereotypes exist. Most members of the stereotyped group accept the stereotype.

What is the term used to describe a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity that inspires them to favor themselves?

Ingroup

A group definition of who you are includes which of the following?Religion Gender Self-evaluation Marital status Race

Religion Gender Marital status Race

Which of the following is true of LGBT people and job discrimination?

Transgender people often report being fired for their gender preference. Ninety percent of transgender people report being harassed or mistreated at work.

When looking at racial prejudice in a global context, every race is ______.

a minority

If a retailer would not allow anyone that is balding and looks over the age of 50 to shop in its store, this would be an example of negative behaviors toward a group of people and is exhibiting ______

ageism

When referring to ______ prejudice, people took longer to identify pleasant words (peace, good) when associated with Black faces than with White faces.

automatic

Ingroup ________ supports a positive self-concept

bias

In studies in the early 2000s, researchers invited people to press buttons quickly to "shoot" or "not shoot" men who suddenly appeared onscreen holding either a gun or a harmless object. Both Black and White participants more often misperceived the object and mistakenly shot harmless targets who were ________

black

__________ or organizing people into groups gives us an easy way to make speedy judgments and predict how others will think and act.

classifying

Prejudice is having a negative attitude toward groups or individuals, whereas ______ is when those attitudes turn into behaviors toward the group or individual.

discrimination

A ______ definition of who we are includes gender, race, religion, marital status, and academic major.

group

Religion is sometimes used to support ________ which explains the findings concerning fundamentalist church members' expressions of racism.

injustice

The tendency of people to believe that others get what they deserve is known as the _______ _________ phenomenon.

just-world

What is the term used when people have the tendency to believe that the world is fair and that people therefore got what they deserve?

just-world phenomenon

In the global sense, every race is a ______

minority

What is the term used to describe a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members?

prejudice

When two groups of people compete, it often can fuel ______. Competition is a source of frustration when one group cannot reach its goal.

prejudice

When a group member behaves as expected, our prior belief is confirmed. However, if a group member violates our expectations, we will interpret the behavior as due to

special circumstance.

The need for _______ is a psychological benefit of prejudice that can come from either authentic pride in accomplishments or from derogating other groups.

status

To ________ is to generalize, and the generalizations are supported by beliefs.

stereotype

In a 2012 National School climate survey ____ of gay-lesbian adolescents reported experiencing sex-related harassment in the prior year.

80 percent

An employer who hires only women or only men for his cashier job is exhibiting which of the following form of prejudicial attitudes?

sexism

_____ is one's prejudicial attitude and discriminatory behaviors toward people of a given sex.

sexism

Stereotypes are often by-products of how we ______ our complex worlds.

simplify

Mike likes to play baseball and bowl as part of a team. Because his affiliations define who he is and his group memberships, this is a part of his _____ identity.

social

Our sense of who we are contains not just a personal identity, but also our ______ identity.

social

A beautiful, young, petite woman comes to lecture, and immediately everyone assumes that she is not smart or educated. The woman assumes everyone thinks she is uneducated and she does not do a very good lecture based on this phenomenon that has occurred called _____ threat.

stereotype

We rely on _______ when we are pressed for time, preoccupied, and tired

stereotypes

When a person in a group is conspicuous, or distinctive, this can cause us to create ______ about that person

stereotypes

When women are sad, it is acceptable for them to cry, whereas when men are sad, they should not cry. This is an example of gender ______.

stereotypes

What is the term used when individuals believe that all adolescents are lazy, rude, and participate in drug usage?

stereotyping

Marco thinks "all women are nurturing and gentle." However, when he thinks about lesbians, his stereotype of this smaller group goes against the stereotype of the larger group. This process of forming a subset of the larger group is referred to as ______.

subgrouping

_______ is accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of groups.

subgrouping

Max doesn't like Asians because he thinks they are not good at sports. However, he acknowledges that Bruce Lee was excellent at martial arts and considers Bruce Lee an "exception to the rule." This maintaining of a stereotype by splitting off new, specialized categories is called ______.

subtyping

The process of _______ , or seeing people who deviate from a group stereotype as exceptions, helps to maintain stereotypes in spite of exposure to examples of people who go against expectations.

subtyping

True or false: The content of prejudice can be positive or negative.

true

In a 2011 study, when shown pictures of children and asked to point to who they'd like, Black South African children in a multi-racial school preferred a(n) _______

white child

Which of the following personality types favors obedience and is prone to prejudice and stereotyping?

Authoritarian

What term is used to describe when individuals believe their ethnic group is better than all other groups?

Ethnocentric

What is the term used to describe people who tend to view the world in terms of social hierarchies and prefer for their social groups to be on top?

Social dominance orientation

Select the reasons we classify people into groups. Speedy judgments Predicting Simplifying Creativity

Speedy judgments Predicting Simplifying

Select all of the following we may need to feel a sense of superiority. Security Status Self-regard Belonging

Status Self-regard Belonging

Own-race _____ is a tendency for people to accurately recognize faces of their own race.

bias

Two football teams are asked which team is better, clearly each team will pick their own team as the best, regardless of their win-lose record. This is an example of ingroup ______

bias

ingroup _________ supports a positive self-concept.

bias

________ is an unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members.

discrimination

When someone cannot reach a goal and does not know why, he or she will often vent that frustration by showing hostility toward others. This tendency is called ________ aggression, sometimes known as the scapegoat theory.

displaced

Jamal notices suddenly that he's the only boy in a large room full of girls. His uniqueness makes him feel conspicuous, which he feels may cause the girls to treat him differently. Jamal is experiencing ______.

distinctiveness

When considering status and justifying status differences, those with high social ______ orientation tend to view people in terms of hierarchies.

dominance

Research suggests that we can have different explicit and implicit attitudes toward the same target. This refers to the ________

dual attitude system

Social identity theory states that we evaluate ourselves through categories, compare ourselves with groups, and we find ourselves identifying with groups to gain self-_______

esteem

Being __________ is defined as believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group and having a dislike for all other groups.

ethnocentrism

As an example of our dual attitude system, prejudice may reflect both ________ (conscious) and _________ (automatic) attitudes toward the same target.

explicit implicit

The nature of prejudice can be categorized into two basic types: blaming oneself and blaming ______ causes.

external

True or false: Gender stereotypes do not exist.

false

True or false: Racial prejudice is extinct in countries such as the United States.

false

We tend to think and act positively towards others who share common characteristics with us. This is called

favoritism.

For North American Christians, which type of religious people are most likely to express prejudice?

fundamentalist

________ stereotypes are people's beliefs about how women and men behave.

gender or gendered

____________ stereotypes are people's beliefs about how women and men behave.

gender or gendered

We often grant members of our own group the benefit of the doubt and exhibit _____-serving bias to excuse their negative behavior

group

We often grant members of our own group the benefit of the doubt and exhibit group-serving bias to excuse their negative behavior

group

When two groups compete and the resources are scarce, this may cause frustration, which in return creates a realistic _______ conflict

group

the outgroup ________ effect means we generally see everyone in an outgroup as similar to each other, not recognizing diversity or distinctiveness in other groups.

homogeneity

When considering social ______ theory, we often categorize and compare ourselves with group memberships. In short, we define ourselves based on the groups to which we belong.

identity

Belonging to the weightlifting team and having the same sense of achievement is an example of an (in/out) _______ group.

in

Being formed into groups may promote ____ bias.

ingroup

________ bias supports positive self-concept and supports favoritism.

ingroup

bias supports positive self-concept and supports favoritism.

ingroup

Reza is a male, Muslim, and Persian. These group categories that he fits into are his ______.

ingroups

Groups we associate ourselves with, such as our own race, religion, or gender, are called ______ , whereas groups in which we are not a member, such as other races, are called _______

ingroups outgroups

Research suggests that automatic prejudice is reduced when people's motivation is ______ rather than _______

internal external

Often our own stereotypes bias our ______.

judgements

Children's prejudices, including socialization and attitudes, are influenced by all of the following EXCEPT ______. Options: a. family b. culture c. media images d. mental illnesses

mental illnesses

Stereotyped beliefs and prejudiced attitudes come from ______.

normal thinking processes in most humans

__________ are assigned or are prescriptive and tell people how they should act, whereas _______ are descriptive or explanatory and thus explain how people do act.

norms stereotypes

An _______ is a large amount of people that perceive themselves as different from or apart from their ingroup.

outgroup

When viewing other groups, the sense that each person is the same as the others, or not recognizing individual uniqueness in members, is called ______.

outgroup homogeneity

We contrast our groups with other groups. The other groups are called the ____

outgroups

When referring to members of another race people often say things like, "Those people all look alike." This statement reflects an _____ bias.

own-race

Preconceived attitudes that inevitably guide our attention and our memories are called ______.

prejudgements

Authoritarian personality styles are more prone to engage in _________ attitudes and stereotyping.

prejudice

Prejudgments are the basis for

prejudice

_______ is a negative attitude, whereas ________ is negative behavior

prejudice discrimination

Racism and sexism are institutional practices that discriminate, even when there is no ______ _______

prejudicial intent

When understanding prejudice, norms are _________ (suggesting how people should behave), whereas stereotypes are descriptive (suggesting how people do behave).

prescriptive

What is the term used to describe an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race?

racism

________ is an individual's prejudicial attitude and discriminatory behavior toward people of color.

racism

Hiring all white employees is an example of _______ and hiring all men is an example of ___________

racism sexism

Based on studies about automatic racial prejudice, even when race does not bias perception it may bias _______

reaction

In America, concerns about immigrants taking jobs and associated prejudice against them are greatest among those with lower incomes. This is best explained by _________

realistic conflict group theory.

Earthlings and Martians are both trying to claim a scarce resource found on an asteroid. This competition for the resource creates a large amount of prejudice between the two groups. This prejudice is best explained by _______

realistic group conflict theory.

Earthlings and Martians are both trying to claim a scarce resource found on an asteroid. This competition for the resource creates a large amount of prejudice between the two groups. This prejudice is best explained by ________.

realistic group conflict theory.

If we are prevented from reaching a goal, oftentimes we become hostile, and if we cannot pinpoint the source, we often display displaced aggression. This tendency is sometimes known as ______.

scapegoat theory

Sports fans, whose team has just won, will often say "we won" and if their team lost they will often say "they lost." This is an example of _____ bias.

self-concept

Being distinctive in a group can cause a person to be ______

self-conscious

Jane is the only woman in a room full of men; her distinctiveness will likely increase her ______.

self-consciousness

When a member of a group behaves as we expect them to act, our prior belief is confirmed and our prejudgments are ________-__________.

self-perpetuating