Chapter 9 PSYC 430: prejudice
What are some of the sources of prejudice?
Family socialization Family attitudes family values
What conclusions can be drawn from research on gender stereotypes?
Gender stereotypes exist. Most members of the stereotyped group accept the stereotype.
What is the term used to describe a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity that inspires them to favor themselves?
Ingroup
A group definition of who you are includes which of the following?Religion Gender Self-evaluation Marital status Race
Religion Gender Marital status Race
Which of the following is true of LGBT people and job discrimination?
Transgender people often report being fired for their gender preference. Ninety percent of transgender people report being harassed or mistreated at work.
When looking at racial prejudice in a global context, every race is ______.
a minority
If a retailer would not allow anyone that is balding and looks over the age of 50 to shop in its store, this would be an example of negative behaviors toward a group of people and is exhibiting ______
ageism
When referring to ______ prejudice, people took longer to identify pleasant words (peace, good) when associated with Black faces than with White faces.
automatic
Ingroup ________ supports a positive self-concept
bias
In studies in the early 2000s, researchers invited people to press buttons quickly to "shoot" or "not shoot" men who suddenly appeared onscreen holding either a gun or a harmless object. Both Black and White participants more often misperceived the object and mistakenly shot harmless targets who were ________
black
__________ or organizing people into groups gives us an easy way to make speedy judgments and predict how others will think and act.
classifying
Prejudice is having a negative attitude toward groups or individuals, whereas ______ is when those attitudes turn into behaviors toward the group or individual.
discrimination
A ______ definition of who we are includes gender, race, religion, marital status, and academic major.
group
Religion is sometimes used to support ________ which explains the findings concerning fundamentalist church members' expressions of racism.
injustice
The tendency of people to believe that others get what they deserve is known as the _______ _________ phenomenon.
just-world
What is the term used when people have the tendency to believe that the world is fair and that people therefore got what they deserve?
just-world phenomenon
In the global sense, every race is a ______
minority
What is the term used to describe a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members?
prejudice
When two groups of people compete, it often can fuel ______. Competition is a source of frustration when one group cannot reach its goal.
prejudice
When a group member behaves as expected, our prior belief is confirmed. However, if a group member violates our expectations, we will interpret the behavior as due to
special circumstance.
The need for _______ is a psychological benefit of prejudice that can come from either authentic pride in accomplishments or from derogating other groups.
status
To ________ is to generalize, and the generalizations are supported by beliefs.
stereotype
In a 2012 National School climate survey ____ of gay-lesbian adolescents reported experiencing sex-related harassment in the prior year.
80 percent
An employer who hires only women or only men for his cashier job is exhibiting which of the following form of prejudicial attitudes?
sexism
_____ is one's prejudicial attitude and discriminatory behaviors toward people of a given sex.
sexism
Stereotypes are often by-products of how we ______ our complex worlds.
simplify
Mike likes to play baseball and bowl as part of a team. Because his affiliations define who he is and his group memberships, this is a part of his _____ identity.
social
Our sense of who we are contains not just a personal identity, but also our ______ identity.
social
A beautiful, young, petite woman comes to lecture, and immediately everyone assumes that she is not smart or educated. The woman assumes everyone thinks she is uneducated and she does not do a very good lecture based on this phenomenon that has occurred called _____ threat.
stereotype
We rely on _______ when we are pressed for time, preoccupied, and tired
stereotypes
When a person in a group is conspicuous, or distinctive, this can cause us to create ______ about that person
stereotypes
When women are sad, it is acceptable for them to cry, whereas when men are sad, they should not cry. This is an example of gender ______.
stereotypes
What is the term used when individuals believe that all adolescents are lazy, rude, and participate in drug usage?
stereotyping
Marco thinks "all women are nurturing and gentle." However, when he thinks about lesbians, his stereotype of this smaller group goes against the stereotype of the larger group. This process of forming a subset of the larger group is referred to as ______.
subgrouping
_______ is accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of groups.
subgrouping
Max doesn't like Asians because he thinks they are not good at sports. However, he acknowledges that Bruce Lee was excellent at martial arts and considers Bruce Lee an "exception to the rule." This maintaining of a stereotype by splitting off new, specialized categories is called ______.
subtyping
The process of _______ , or seeing people who deviate from a group stereotype as exceptions, helps to maintain stereotypes in spite of exposure to examples of people who go against expectations.
subtyping
True or false: The content of prejudice can be positive or negative.
true
In a 2011 study, when shown pictures of children and asked to point to who they'd like, Black South African children in a multi-racial school preferred a(n) _______
white child
Which of the following personality types favors obedience and is prone to prejudice and stereotyping?
Authoritarian
What term is used to describe when individuals believe their ethnic group is better than all other groups?
Ethnocentric
What is the term used to describe people who tend to view the world in terms of social hierarchies and prefer for their social groups to be on top?
Social dominance orientation
Select the reasons we classify people into groups. Speedy judgments Predicting Simplifying Creativity
Speedy judgments Predicting Simplifying
Select all of the following we may need to feel a sense of superiority. Security Status Self-regard Belonging
Status Self-regard Belonging
Own-race _____ is a tendency for people to accurately recognize faces of their own race.
bias
Two football teams are asked which team is better, clearly each team will pick their own team as the best, regardless of their win-lose record. This is an example of ingroup ______
bias
ingroup _________ supports a positive self-concept.
bias
________ is an unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members.
discrimination
When someone cannot reach a goal and does not know why, he or she will often vent that frustration by showing hostility toward others. This tendency is called ________ aggression, sometimes known as the scapegoat theory.
displaced
Jamal notices suddenly that he's the only boy in a large room full of girls. His uniqueness makes him feel conspicuous, which he feels may cause the girls to treat him differently. Jamal is experiencing ______.
distinctiveness
When considering status and justifying status differences, those with high social ______ orientation tend to view people in terms of hierarchies.
dominance
Research suggests that we can have different explicit and implicit attitudes toward the same target. This refers to the ________
dual attitude system
Social identity theory states that we evaluate ourselves through categories, compare ourselves with groups, and we find ourselves identifying with groups to gain self-_______
esteem
Being __________ is defined as believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group and having a dislike for all other groups.
ethnocentrism
As an example of our dual attitude system, prejudice may reflect both ________ (conscious) and _________ (automatic) attitudes toward the same target.
explicit implicit
The nature of prejudice can be categorized into two basic types: blaming oneself and blaming ______ causes.
external
True or false: Gender stereotypes do not exist.
false
True or false: Racial prejudice is extinct in countries such as the United States.
false
We tend to think and act positively towards others who share common characteristics with us. This is called
favoritism.
For North American Christians, which type of religious people are most likely to express prejudice?
fundamentalist
________ stereotypes are people's beliefs about how women and men behave.
gender or gendered
____________ stereotypes are people's beliefs about how women and men behave.
gender or gendered
We often grant members of our own group the benefit of the doubt and exhibit _____-serving bias to excuse their negative behavior
group
We often grant members of our own group the benefit of the doubt and exhibit group-serving bias to excuse their negative behavior
group
When two groups compete and the resources are scarce, this may cause frustration, which in return creates a realistic _______ conflict
group
the outgroup ________ effect means we generally see everyone in an outgroup as similar to each other, not recognizing diversity or distinctiveness in other groups.
homogeneity
When considering social ______ theory, we often categorize and compare ourselves with group memberships. In short, we define ourselves based on the groups to which we belong.
identity
Belonging to the weightlifting team and having the same sense of achievement is an example of an (in/out) _______ group.
in
Being formed into groups may promote ____ bias.
ingroup
________ bias supports positive self-concept and supports favoritism.
ingroup
bias supports positive self-concept and supports favoritism.
ingroup
Reza is a male, Muslim, and Persian. These group categories that he fits into are his ______.
ingroups
Groups we associate ourselves with, such as our own race, religion, or gender, are called ______ , whereas groups in which we are not a member, such as other races, are called _______
ingroups outgroups
Research suggests that automatic prejudice is reduced when people's motivation is ______ rather than _______
internal external
Often our own stereotypes bias our ______.
judgements
Children's prejudices, including socialization and attitudes, are influenced by all of the following EXCEPT ______. Options: a. family b. culture c. media images d. mental illnesses
mental illnesses
Stereotyped beliefs and prejudiced attitudes come from ______.
normal thinking processes in most humans
__________ are assigned or are prescriptive and tell people how they should act, whereas _______ are descriptive or explanatory and thus explain how people do act.
norms stereotypes
An _______ is a large amount of people that perceive themselves as different from or apart from their ingroup.
outgroup
When viewing other groups, the sense that each person is the same as the others, or not recognizing individual uniqueness in members, is called ______.
outgroup homogeneity
We contrast our groups with other groups. The other groups are called the ____
outgroups
When referring to members of another race people often say things like, "Those people all look alike." This statement reflects an _____ bias.
own-race
Preconceived attitudes that inevitably guide our attention and our memories are called ______.
prejudgements
Authoritarian personality styles are more prone to engage in _________ attitudes and stereotyping.
prejudice
Prejudgments are the basis for
prejudice
_______ is a negative attitude, whereas ________ is negative behavior
prejudice discrimination
Racism and sexism are institutional practices that discriminate, even when there is no ______ _______
prejudicial intent
When understanding prejudice, norms are _________ (suggesting how people should behave), whereas stereotypes are descriptive (suggesting how people do behave).
prescriptive
What is the term used to describe an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race?
racism
________ is an individual's prejudicial attitude and discriminatory behavior toward people of color.
racism
Hiring all white employees is an example of _______ and hiring all men is an example of ___________
racism sexism
Based on studies about automatic racial prejudice, even when race does not bias perception it may bias _______
reaction
In America, concerns about immigrants taking jobs and associated prejudice against them are greatest among those with lower incomes. This is best explained by _________
realistic conflict group theory.
Earthlings and Martians are both trying to claim a scarce resource found on an asteroid. This competition for the resource creates a large amount of prejudice between the two groups. This prejudice is best explained by _______
realistic group conflict theory.
Earthlings and Martians are both trying to claim a scarce resource found on an asteroid. This competition for the resource creates a large amount of prejudice between the two groups. This prejudice is best explained by ________.
realistic group conflict theory.
If we are prevented from reaching a goal, oftentimes we become hostile, and if we cannot pinpoint the source, we often display displaced aggression. This tendency is sometimes known as ______.
scapegoat theory
Sports fans, whose team has just won, will often say "we won" and if their team lost they will often say "they lost." This is an example of _____ bias.
self-concept
Being distinctive in a group can cause a person to be ______
self-conscious
Jane is the only woman in a room full of men; her distinctiveness will likely increase her ______.
self-consciousness
When a member of a group behaves as we expect them to act, our prior belief is confirmed and our prejudgments are ________-__________.
self-perpetuating