Chapter 9 Psychology Study Guide (Mr. Riley).
How are test reliability and validity measured?
Test reliability is measured on its consistency. Test validity is when the test measures what it is supposed to measure.
A method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions
Test-retest Reliability
What are some controversies and problems associated with intelligence tests?
Tests were used to limit immigrants. The tests gave an advantage to a particular group of people. Education, economic background, and motivation can affect intelligence test scores. Stereotype is another problem.
What is average intelligence?
People whose intelligence quotients are between 90-110.
A child who develops a special skill or talent to an adult level
Prodigy
The extent to which a test yields consistent results
Reliability
What are some of the leading theories of intelligence?
Spearman's Two-Factor Theory- G factor for general intelligence and s factor for specific intelligence. Thurstone's Theory of Primary Mental Abilities- Word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial visulization, facility with numbers, memory, reasoning, and perceptual speed. Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences- Verbal or linguistic; logical-mathematical; visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical-rhythmic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalist, and existential. Sternberg's Triarchic Theory- Intelligence has three factors; analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence. Emotional Intelligence- Self-awareness, mood management, self-motivation, impulse control, and people skills.
How does your environment influence your intelligence?
Studies have shown that home environment and styles of parenting influence the development of intelligence.
A term used to describe children with IQ scores above 130 or children with outstanding talent for performing at much higher levels than others of the same age and background
Gifted
Knowledge and skills gained from experience and education
Achievement
The proportion of variation among individuals that can be attributed to genes
Heritability
The capacity to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to a changing environment
Intelligence
The ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100; the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
Intelligence Quotient
A score that has been changed from a raw score in a systematic way
Transformed Score
The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure
Validity
The ability to invent new solutions to problems or to create original or ingenious materials
Creativity
Accumulated skills, knowledge, and experience
Crystallized Intelligence
The ability to respond quickly to novel situations
Fluid Intelligence
The level of intellectual functioning, which is compared to chronological age to give an IQ
Mental Age
Intellectual functioning that is below average, as indicated by an intelligence score at or below 70
Mental Retardation
What are some of the connections between aging and intelligence?
Most older people show some drop-off in intelligence as measured by scores on intelligence tests, most notably in timed test questions. Crystallized intelligence stays the same.
How does your genetic makeup influence your intelligence?
Most studies suggest that the heritability of intelligence ranges from 40 to 60 percent.
Does giftedness just mean being very smart?
No, it just shows they possess outstanding talent or to show the potential for performing at remarkably high levels of accomplishment when compared with other people of the same age, experience, or environment.
What are the two most widely used intelligence tests?
The Stanford-Benet Scale and the Wechsler Scales
How is human intelligence a puzzle?
The nature of intelligence varies because there are many ways to measure intelligence.