Chapter 9 Pyschology
Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?
Sigmund Freud
Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________.
abused
Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?
assimulation
Late maturing boys are ________.
at a higher risk of depression
Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?
authoritative
In a(an) ________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan.
case study
________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
cognitive
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?
conservation
Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.
discontinuous
Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.
during early childhood
Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.
formal operational
When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
generativity vs. stagnation
What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
genes and biology
Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.
gross
Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
identity vs. confusion
Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
initiative vs. guilt
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
object permanence
Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?
object permanence
In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning.
preoperational
Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.
surveys
Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________.
teratogens
Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
trust vs. mistrust
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?
Erik Erikson
According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment?
Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.
Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?
achievement gap