Chapter 9 Pyschology

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________.

abused

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?

assimulation

Late maturing boys are ________.

at a higher risk of depression

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

authoritative

In a(an) ________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan.

case study

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

cognitive

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?

conservation

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.

discontinuous

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.

during early childhood

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.

formal operational

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

generativity vs. stagnation

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genes and biology

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

gross

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

identity vs. confusion

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

initiative vs. guilt

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?

object permanence

In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning.

preoperational

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.

surveys

Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________.

teratogens

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

Erik Erikson

According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment?

Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.

Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?

achievement gap