Chapter 9 Review

What role does insulin play in maintain homeostasis?

When blood glucose levels are elevated after a meal, insulin stimulates glucose uptake by cells to bring glucose levels back to normal

Hypersecretion of growth hormone could lead to what condition?

acromegaly

What gland is located just superior to each kidney?

adrenal

Which endocrine gland is located just above the kidneys?

adrenal gland

Which tropic hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What hormone stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water as urine is being formed?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

In ____ diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal.

both type 1 and type 2

Which of the following is a humoral stimulus for hormone release? TSH, calcium ions, sympathetic nerves stimulation or hypothalamic activity?

calcium ions

Receptors for steroid hormones are found ____.

in the cytoplasm of the cells of target tissues

What are receptors for steroid hormones found?

in the nucleus of target cells

Insulin and glucagon are both pancreatic hormones, which stimulates cellular uptake of glucose?

insulin

When blood glucose levels are high the pancreas releases ____.

insulin

Why is cAMP called a second messenger?

it is not a first messenger, which is a molecule that attaches to a receptor on the cell's plasma membrane and triggers the reactions leading to syntehsis of the second messenger in the cell

Which hormone is secreted by adipose tissue and helps suppress your appetite?

leptin

The two mechanisms that hormones use to trigger changes in cells depend on whether the hormone is water or ____ soluble.

lipid

The hormone involved in rhythmic activities, such as day/night and seasonal changes is ____.

melatonin

Which of these is a common age associated condition? cretinism, menopause, goiter or acromegaly

menopause

Most hormones of the endocrine system are regulated by a ____ feedback mechanism.

negative

What is the main mechanism for regulating hormone secretion?

negative feedback

Why don't all body cells respond to a particular hormone?

only cells that have receptors for the hormone can respond

Which of these is linked to the decline in estrogen in menopausal females?

osteoporosis

Failure of which endocrine organ(s) leads to menopause in women?

ovaries

The hormone that stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus is ____.

oxytocin

The posterior pituitary stores and releases ____ and ____.

oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Located laterally on the thyroid, the ____ glands secrete hormones that regulate calcium levels in blood.

parathyroid

Which two digestive system organs are important sources of hormones associated with digestion?

stomach and small intestine

An individual hormone affects only certain tissue cells called its ____ cells.

target

What organ secretes erythropoietin?

the kidney

What occurs when the blood glucose concentration falls below the normal range?

the pancreas secretes glucagon

How are the thyroid and parathyroid glands linked anatomically?

the parathyroid glands reside on the posterior thyroid gland

What does target organ mean?

the specific cells or tissues that the hormone affects

The gland that is located at the base of the throat, just inferior to the laryngeal prominence ("Adam's apple"),

thyroid

What endocrine gland is located in the neck?

thyroid

Which gland controls basal metabolic rate?

thyroid

in ____ diabetes, no insulin is produced

type 1

In ____ diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin?

type 2

How do lipid-soluble hormones carry out their actions at their target cell?

directly activate genes and stimulate protein synthesis

What is a characteristic of an endocrine gland?

ductless

____ stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder

CCK (Cholecystokinin)

What would occur with hyposecretion of adrenal cortical hormone?

electrolyte and water imbalance

What hormone reduces the blood calcium ion level, and which endocrine gland produces this hormone?

Calcitonin, produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland, reduces the blood calcium ion level

What disorder is a disease of the adrenal gland?

Cushing's syndrome

Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands in that ____.

endocrine glands are ductless, and exocrine glands release secretions at the body's surface or into ducts.

____ stimulates HCl release in the stomach

Gastrin

____ stimulates the ovaries to continue producing estrogen and progesterone so that the lining of the uterus is not sloughed off in menses during pregnancy.

HCG

What are three ways in which endocrine glands are stimulated to secrete their hormones?

endocrine organs are stimulated by hormones, by chemicals other than hormones, and by the nervous system

The two regulatory systems of the body are the ____ system and the ____ system.

endocrine; nervous

Which hormone is released by nerve impulses?

epinephrine

Which gonadal hormone causes a young girl's reproductive organs to mature at puberty- estrogen or progesterone?

estrogen

in the elderly, the decline in the level of which hormone is associated with osteoporosis in women?

estrogen

How does the hypothalamus regulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland?

It secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that travel through the blood to the anterior pituitary gland

Why is iodine important for proper thyroid gland function?

functional thyroid hormone has iodine as part of its structure

Which hormone stimulates acid production in the stomach?

gastrin

When blood glucose levels are low the pancreas releases ____ which eventually causes blood glucose levels to ____.

glucagon; increase

Which group of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex have anti-inflammatory effects and participate in the long term stress response?

glucocorticosteroids such as cortisol

A liver cell responds to insulin by taking in ____ and converting it to ____.

glucose; glycogen

An enlargement of the thyroid gland is the condition known as ____.

goiter

The secretions from the ____ glands differs between male and females.

gonadal

In the elderly, the decline in the level of which hormone is associated with muscle atrophy?

growth hormone (GH)

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called ____.

homeostasis

Stimuli, such as changing blood levels or certain ions and nutrients that trigger hormone release, are called ____ stimuli.

humoral

This gland plays an important role in maintaining the body's day-night cycle.

Pineal

____ stimulates the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas and inhibits stomach secretions.

Secretin

Which of these results when hormone secretion is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism?

The concentration of hormones remains within a narrow normal range

Both the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary release hormones, but the posterior pituitary is not an endocrine gland. What is it?

The posterior pituitary is nervous tissue that acts as a storage and releasing area for hormones sent to it by the hypothalamus

How do thymosin and other thymus hormones help to protect the body?

Thymosin programs the T lymphocytes, which essentially direct our immune responses

What are tropic hormones?

Tropic hormones stimulate certain endocrine organs to secrete their hormones

____ inhibits secretion of aldosterone, thereby decreasing blood volume and blood pressure.

ANP (Atrial natriuretic peptide)

Cortisone and cortisol, important in proper stress responses, are secretions of which endocrine gland?

Adrenal

What hormones stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more sodium ions?

Aldosterone

What is the difference between the nervous system and endocrine system?

Endocrine system delivers its commands slowly via hormones carried by the blood. The nervous system uses rapid electrical messages that are much faster

____ stimulates production of red blood cells.

Erythopoetin

True or False? Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), released by the posterior pituitary, causes urine volume to increase as blood volume decreases.

False. (ADH, released by the posterior pituitary causes urine volume to decrease as blood volume increases.)

What is the functional relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary?

Hypothalamus synthesizes the hormones stored and released by the posterior pituitary

The isles or ____ are the hormone-producing structures in the pancreas that manufacture insulin and ____.

Langerhans; glucagon

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

Liver cells

Body cells that respond to insulin include ____.

Liver cells and most other cells of the body

What hormone is called the "sleep hormone," and which endocrine organ produces it?

Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland

What hormone increases the blood calcium ion level and which endocrine gland produces this hormone?

PTH, produced by the parathyroid glands, increases the blood calcium ion level

Failure of the pituitary to stop producing growth hormone (GH) after body growth is completed results in ____.

acromegaly

What is a hormone?

a chemical messenger used by the endocrine system

Which hormone helps maintain a relatively constant calcium concentration in the blood?

parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin

Calcium level in the blood is regulated by the ____ and ____.

parathyroid; thyroid

The ____ gland is often referred to as the "master gland" due to the extent of its effect.

pituitary

The ____ gland secretes hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, water balance and reproduction.

pituitary

What temporary organ produces the same hormones as the ovaries?

placenta

The placenta plays a primary role in the development of a fetus, but it also secretes a hormone called ____, which makes the pelvic outlet structures more flexible.

relaxin