Chapter 9: Stresses and Strains on the Body

Mechanical Stress

the internal force divided by the cross-sectional area of the surface on which the internal force acts on

combined loading

the simultaneous action of more than one of the pure forms of loading

Bending

Asymmetric loading that produces tension on one side of the body's longitudinal axis and compression on the other side

compression, tension, shear, bending, torsion and combined

List the mechanical loads on the human body

Pascal

Mechanical stress is measured in what unit?

football and skiing

Torsion forces occur commonly in what sports?

acceleration and deformation

What are the effects of loading?

compression, tension and shear forces

What are the pure forms of mechanical loading?

force acting at the knee joint parallel to the direction of the tibial plateau

What is an example of a shear force?

bending

What is an example of combined loading?

the downward force of the weight of a vertabrae on the inferior vertebra

What is an example of compression?

Combined Loading

What is the most common type of loading on the human body?

Shear

a force directed parallel to a surface

Torsion

a load producing a twisting of a body around its longitudinal axis

Compression

a pressing or squeezing force directed axially through the body

Tension

a pulling or stretching force generated axially through the body

repetitive loading

a repetitive application of a subacute load that is usually of relatively low magnitude

Shear Stress

a transverse stress that acts parallel to the analysis plane as a result of forces acting parallel to this plane.

Acute (traumatic) loading

an application of a single force of sufficient magnitude to cause injury to a biological tissue