Chapter 9 Study Guide

Chemicals that cause adverse health effects

- Aluminum - Arsenic - Disinfection by-products - Fluoride - Lead - Pesticides - Radon

Examples of PPCPs

- Analgesics - Oral contraceptive agents - Drugs for lowering cholesterol - Anticonvulsants

Where are freshwater lakes located?

- At high altitudes - 50% are in Canada

List some potential contaminants in water

- Chemicals and nutrients - Rubber, heavy metals, sodium - Petroleum byproducts and organic chemicals - Chemicals used in the home - Heavy metals and toxic chemicals - Microbial pathogens

What are some examples of DBPs?

- Chlorine - Chloramines - Chlorine dioxide - Ozone

Examples of waterborne diseases

- Cryptosporidosis - Cholera - Certain viruses

Health effects caused by chemicals in water

- Various cancers - Adverse reproductive outcomes - Cardiovascular disease - Neurological disease

What percent of the world's total supply of water can be accessible for use by the human population?

0.01%

How many gallons of water are used in the production of 1 barrel or keg of beer?

1,500

What are the four stages of water treatment?

1. COAGULATION- removes suspended material 2. SEDIMENTATION- causes heavy particles to settle to bottom of tanks for collection 3. FILTRATION- removes smaller particles 4. DISINFECTION- kills bacteria or microorganisms

Top 4 largest wetlands:

1. West Siberian Lowlands 2. Amazon River 3. Hudson Bay Lowlands (in Canada) 4. Pantanal (in mid-South America

The Amazon Basin gets ___ of global average rainfall runoff each year?

1/5

How many people in a megacity?

10 million or more

How much of the world's landmass is covered by glaciers and icecaps?

10%

What percent of the world's population lacks safe drinking water?

20%

Current water stress?

200 million people in water-stressed countries

What percent of all water is freshwater?

3%

How much of the human brain is made up of water?

3/4

How many gallons of water are used in the manufacture of a new car and its 4 tires?

39,090

2050 water stress?

4 billion people in 54 countries with water stress or water scarcity

What is the volume of water stored in reservoirs worldwide?

4,286 km3

Field trials conducted in 1940s demonstrated (fluoride)...

50%-70% reduction in the prevalence of dental caries

What percent of residential water use is for landscaping?

51%

What percent of the world's freshwater is in glaciers and icecaps?

70%

How much of the earth's surface is covered in water, and what's wrong with it?

70%; most of it is unusable ocean water

What percent of cities in undeveloped nations discharge untreated water into rivers and streams?

90%

Aquifer:

A layer or section of earth or rock that contains freshwater, known as groundwater

Regions facing water scarcity/stress and population growth

Africa (sub-Saharan and North) and Near East

Surface water:

All water on the surface as distinguished from subsurface or groundwater

Water can become contaminated with...

Chemicals and microorganisms

Water Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs):

Chemicals used to disinfect water

What do dome communities in the US add to public drinking water and why?

Fluoride; to prevent tooth decay

What is the danger associated with fluoride in water?

Fluorosis: teeth becoming discolored due to fluoride

Where are glaciers and icecaps concentrated?

Greenland and Antarctica

Why is the majority of freshwater unavailable for human use?

It's frozen in icecaps and glaciers

Fossil aquifer:

Large underground reserve of water that was established under past climatic and geological conditions

How long can a human survive without water?

One week

What does PPCP stand for?

Pharmaceutical and personal care products

Where does the remaining 1% of readily accessible freshwater come from?

Surface freshwater: lakes, rivers, and shallow underground aquifers

2 main sources of drinking water:

Surface water and groundwater

Hydrological (Water) cycle:

The natural cycle by which water evaporates from oceans and other water bodies, accumulates as water vapor in clouds , and returns to oceans and other water bodies as precipitation

Finished water:

The water delivered to the distribution system after treatment, if any

T or F? Most developed nations treat industrial discharges and sewage

True

Source water:

Untreated water used to produce drinking water

Runoff:

Water originating as precipitation on land that then runs off the land into rivers, streams, and lakes, eventually reaching the oceans, inland seas, or aquifers, unless it evaporates first

How do we get rid of PPCPs?

We wash them off or excrete them from the body

Water stress:

When the annual supply of renewable freshwater is between 1,000 - 1,700 cubic meters per person

Water scarcity:

When the annual supply of renewable freshwater is less than 1,000 cubic meters per person