Chapter 9 Study Guide
Chemicals that cause adverse health effects
- Aluminum - Arsenic - Disinfection by-products - Fluoride - Lead - Pesticides - Radon
Examples of PPCPs
- Analgesics - Oral contraceptive agents - Drugs for lowering cholesterol - Anticonvulsants
Where are freshwater lakes located?
- At high altitudes - 50% are in Canada
List some potential contaminants in water
- Chemicals and nutrients - Rubber, heavy metals, sodium - Petroleum byproducts and organic chemicals - Chemicals used in the home - Heavy metals and toxic chemicals - Microbial pathogens
What are some examples of DBPs?
- Chlorine - Chloramines - Chlorine dioxide - Ozone
Examples of waterborne diseases
- Cryptosporidosis - Cholera - Certain viruses
Health effects caused by chemicals in water
- Various cancers - Adverse reproductive outcomes - Cardiovascular disease - Neurological disease
What percent of the world's total supply of water can be accessible for use by the human population?
0.01%
How many gallons of water are used in the production of 1 barrel or keg of beer?
1,500
What are the four stages of water treatment?
1. COAGULATION- removes suspended material 2. SEDIMENTATION- causes heavy particles to settle to bottom of tanks for collection 3. FILTRATION- removes smaller particles 4. DISINFECTION- kills bacteria or microorganisms
Top 4 largest wetlands:
1. West Siberian Lowlands 2. Amazon River 3. Hudson Bay Lowlands (in Canada) 4. Pantanal (in mid-South America
The Amazon Basin gets ___ of global average rainfall runoff each year?
1/5
How many people in a megacity?
10 million or more
How much of the world's landmass is covered by glaciers and icecaps?
10%
What percent of the world's population lacks safe drinking water?
20%
Current water stress?
200 million people in water-stressed countries
What percent of all water is freshwater?
3%
How much of the human brain is made up of water?
3/4
How many gallons of water are used in the manufacture of a new car and its 4 tires?
39,090
2050 water stress?
4 billion people in 54 countries with water stress or water scarcity
What is the volume of water stored in reservoirs worldwide?
4,286 km3
Field trials conducted in 1940s demonstrated (fluoride)...
50%-70% reduction in the prevalence of dental caries
What percent of residential water use is for landscaping?
51%
What percent of the world's freshwater is in glaciers and icecaps?
70%
How much of the earth's surface is covered in water, and what's wrong with it?
70%; most of it is unusable ocean water
What percent of cities in undeveloped nations discharge untreated water into rivers and streams?
90%
Aquifer:
A layer or section of earth or rock that contains freshwater, known as groundwater
Regions facing water scarcity/stress and population growth
Africa (sub-Saharan and North) and Near East
Surface water:
All water on the surface as distinguished from subsurface or groundwater
Water can become contaminated with...
Chemicals and microorganisms
Water Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs):
Chemicals used to disinfect water
What do dome communities in the US add to public drinking water and why?
Fluoride; to prevent tooth decay
What is the danger associated with fluoride in water?
Fluorosis: teeth becoming discolored due to fluoride
Where are glaciers and icecaps concentrated?
Greenland and Antarctica
Why is the majority of freshwater unavailable for human use?
It's frozen in icecaps and glaciers
Fossil aquifer:
Large underground reserve of water that was established under past climatic and geological conditions
How long can a human survive without water?
One week
What does PPCP stand for?
Pharmaceutical and personal care products
Where does the remaining 1% of readily accessible freshwater come from?
Surface freshwater: lakes, rivers, and shallow underground aquifers
2 main sources of drinking water:
Surface water and groundwater
Hydrological (Water) cycle:
The natural cycle by which water evaporates from oceans and other water bodies, accumulates as water vapor in clouds , and returns to oceans and other water bodies as precipitation
Finished water:
The water delivered to the distribution system after treatment, if any
T or F? Most developed nations treat industrial discharges and sewage
True
Source water:
Untreated water used to produce drinking water
Runoff:
Water originating as precipitation on land that then runs off the land into rivers, streams, and lakes, eventually reaching the oceans, inland seas, or aquifers, unless it evaporates first
How do we get rid of PPCPs?
We wash them off or excrete them from the body
Water stress:
When the annual supply of renewable freshwater is between 1,000 - 1,700 cubic meters per person
Water scarcity:
When the annual supply of renewable freshwater is less than 1,000 cubic meters per person