Chapter 9 - Television: Broadcast and Beyond

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Future of Television

Video-on-demand (60% of subscribers have access) Interacting with programming Convergence of television and Internet Changing definition of "television" Moving from broadcast/cable/satellite to "cord cutting"

Media Transformations: What is Television?

What does watching television mean to you? How do you watch video programming? What type of services do you use? What kinds of devices do you use? What do you pay to access your video programming?

Spanish-Language Broadcasting

Univision is fifth largest broadcast network; often top rated in urban area Spanish-language telenovelas popular, produced in Mexico, Brazil (Brazilian shows translates from Portuguese to Spanish)

High-definition television (HDTV)

A standard for high-quality digital broadcasting that features a high-resolution picture, wide-screen format, and enhanced sound

Beginning of Broadcast Television

1939: NBC starts broadcasting, most sets in bars, restaurants 1942: TV manufacturing suspended for duration of WWII; most stations go off the air Licensing of new TV stations suspended 1948-1952, leaving many cities without television

Color Television

1950s: Early experiments in color television 1965: Big Three networks broadcasting in color NBC peacock logo designed to tell B&W viewers show was in color Early color TVs cost equivalent of big-screen TVs today The Boston Globe notes that in 1965 color televisions cost the equivalent of what a midline HDTV set cost in 2000. The switch to color was not completed until the early 1970s.

Standards for Television

1950s: Marries couples had to sleep separate beds; Capri pants immodest 1990s: Mild nudity appears on broadcast television 1997: Broadcasters implement content ratings

Lucy and Desi End Live TV

1951: Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz created I Love Lucy First sitcom to be filmed, rather than live Lucy and Desi hold onto syndication rights to the show, still being broadcast today

Ted Turner - Cable Pioneer

1963: Inherits failing billboard company from his father 1970: Buys Channel 17 in Atlanta Buys Atlanta Braves and Hawks sports franchises to provide programming for channel Turns Channel 17 into Superstation WTBS in 1976, takes local station national 1980: CNN becomes first cable 24-hour news network Developed idea of repackaging content across multiple channels 1996: Turner Broadcasting faces financial trouble, is acquired by media giant Time Warner

Educational/Public Broadcasting

1967: Corporation for Public Broadcasting created Public Broadcasting System (PBS) provides network-like programming to member stations PBS initially known for children's programming like Sesame Street 1990s: PBS expands audience with programming like Ken Burns documentaries

What's on Cable?

Affiliates of Big Four broadcast networks Independent and smaller network affiliates Superstations Local-access channels Cable networks (TNT, USA) Premium channels (HBO, Cinemax) Pay-per-view Audio services

An Earthquake in Slow Motion

1976 Average viewer has 7 channels; Big Three networks have 90 percent of viewers 1991: Average viewer has 33 channels; Big Three lose ⅓rd of viewers 2011: ESPN most profitable part of Disney Cable/Satellite more profitable because programming cheaper to produce, get subscription fees and ad revenue In 2010 cable networks brought in nearly $48 billion in revenue. Of that, $22.3 billion came from advertising revenue, but $25 billion came from fees from cable and satellite operators

Black Entertainment Network (BET)

1980: Washington, DC area local station First black-owned cable network Worth $2 billion at time it sold to Viacom

Big Three Becomes Big Four

1986: Rupert Murdoch launches Fox Network Attracted independent stations by offering them free programming Shows like NFL Football, The X-Files, The Simpsons, American Idol, Glee and So You Think You Can Dance have made Fox a top-rated broadcaster

Problem of Decency

2004: Janet Jackson's Super Bowl "wardrobe malfunction"; decency rules become stricter 2012: U.S. Supreme Court throws out fines for Jackson exposure, but doesn't clarify decency standards No fines for Nancy Grace exposure during Dancing with the Stars No clear standard as of 2012

Television network

A company that provides programs to local stations around the country; the local affiliate stations choose which programs to carry

Videocassette Recorder (VCR)

A home videotape machine that allows viewers to make permanent copies of television shows and, this, choose when they want to watch the programs

Direct broadcast satellite (DBS)

A low-earth-orbit satellite that provides television programming via a small, pizza-sized satellite antenna; DBS is a competitor to cable TV

Public broadcasting service (PBS)

A nonprofit broadcast network that provides a wide range of public service and educational programs. It is funded by government appropriations, private industry underwriting, and viewer support

Standard digital television

A standard for digital broadcasting that allows six channels to fit in the broadcast frequency space occupied by a single analog signal

Community antenna television (CATV)

An early form of cable television used to distribute broadcast channels in communities with poor television reception

PeopleMeter

An electronic box used by the ratings company Nielsen Media Research to record which television shows people watch

Broadcast to Narrowcast

Broadcast networks provide programming to local affiliate stations Affiliates have licensed from FCC, equipment, and local staff If affiliate carries programming from network, get limited ad revenue and (may) get carriage fee Can also carry local and syndicated programming, keep all ad revenue

Satellite Distribution and Rebirth of Cable

By mid-1970s, FCC began loosening rules on cable companies 1975: HBO starts providing programming nationwide, sending signal to local cable companies via satellite Key point: HBO could send programming to 1,000 cable companies as cheaply as to one

Audience Ratings

Challenge of rating major and minor broadcast networks, major cable networks, and minor cable networks Problem of counting DVR audiences Nielsen Media Research is major rating company

Beginning of Cable Television

Community Antenna Television Early form of cable television used to distribute broadcast channels in communities with poor television reception Relatively expensive, was source of good TV signal, not additional programming

Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS)

Early satellite TV required large/expensive dish Smaller pizza-sized DBS cheaper, easier to use than old systems; competing with cable As of 2011, 29% of American households have DBS

Conversion to Digital Broadcasting

Farnsworth's television technology was analog. Same technology for decades B&W televisions could still receive new color signals In 2009, all broadcast television converted to digital. Analog sets went dark without either conversion box or cable/satellite

Digital Television

High-definition television (HDTV) High-resolution, widescreen format with enhanced sound Standard digital television Same quality as analog, but can broadcast up to six channels in airspace that carried one old-style channel

Anchor as Advocate

Jorge Ramos speaks to huge audience (triple CNN's audience) as Univision anchor Ramos is advocate for Latino and immigrant groups; part of shift on many cable channels to opinion journalism One thing that politicians of all stripes have learned is that Ramos never stops asking pointed questions and never pulls his pinches. And this has earned Ramos respect

Hollywood and the VCR

Late 1970s: Videocassette recorder (VCR) becomes household appliance Movie studios fight spread of VCRs, but 1984 Supreme Court decision says consumers can make recordings for own use 21st century: DVRs, DVDs, on-demand replacing VCR technology

Public access channels

Local cable television channels that air public affairs programming and other locally produced shows

Diversity on Television

Networks frequently criticized for ignoring people of color In 1999 the Big Four networks introduced twenty-six new shows; not one of them featured a non-white lead character Growth of non-English speaking characters Grey's Anatomy producer says shows need to move beyond the "sassy black friend" Orange in the New Black notable for diversity in characters of different ages, races, body types, socioeconomic backgrounds

Measuring Audiences

People Meters used in larger markets Sweeps periods used to measure audience size of individual stations Rating point Percentage of potential television audience actually watching the show Share Percentage of television sets in use tuned to a show

Invention of Television

Philo T. Farnsworth 1922: Diagram plans for television at age 16 1930: Receives patent for cathode ray tube RCA attempted to promote its own Vladimir Zworykin as inventor of TV 1947: Farnsworth's television patent expires just before TV starts to take off

Cutting the cord

Replacing traditional paid video services, such as cable or satellite television, with internet-based streaming video services

Telenovelas

Spanish-language soap operas popular in both Latin America and the United States

Television as a Social Force

Television brings world into the home in an easy-to-consume format Television becomes dominant source of shared experience Television can dominate people's leisure activity Video from non-TV sources is growing in popularity

Video on demand

Television channels that allow consumers to order movies, news, or other programs at any time over fiber-optic lines

Big Four networks

The broadcast landscape we know today; the Big Three networks plus the Fox network

Sweeps

The four times during the year that Nielsen Media Research measures the size of individual television station audiences

Big Three networks

The original television broadcast networks; NBC, CBS, and ABC

Share

The percentage of television sets in use that are tuned to a particular show

Rating point

The percentage of the total potential television audience actually watching a particular show. One rating point indicates an audience of approximately 1.14 million viewers


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