Chapter 9: the worlds of islam
islam is practiced by _____% of the world and is the world's second most popular religion behind __________
22, christianity
islam began in the ____ and is the ________ of major religions
600's, newest
in ___ Muhammad and his followers were forced out of mecca for upsetting the status quo with their new religion. they traveled to _______ (this journey was called the _______) where muhammad declared islam's independence from _________ and converted many ________ which he used as an army in ___ to march on mecca and clear the _____ of its idols
622, medina, hirja, judaism, bedouin, 630, kaaba
in ___, muslim arabs and ______ invade spain and islam spread throughout spain's _______
711, berbers, south
what are the five pillars of islam?
Allah is the only true god, pray 5 times a day, alms/giving to charity, fasting during Ramadan, the hajj (pilgrimage to mecca)
before islam started, the arabian peninsula was home to nomadic tribes called ______ who were _____ and ________ (who fought each other) and who worshipped various gods
Bedouin, herders, warriors
while most people in the middle east and _____ _______ in the arab empire converted to islam and adopted ______ as their language, ______, _______-, and people in the ______ valley converted to islam but kept their own languages. as a result, instead of arabic, today turkey's main language is _______, and iran's main language is ________ (_________)
North Africa, arabic, persians, turks, indus, turkish, persian (farsi)
what is an umma?
a community of islamic believers
the 2nd dynasty of the arab empire was the ______ dynasty (750-____) with its capital in the cosmopolitan city of _______. this dynasty was considered the ________ _____ _____ as many academic advances were made by muslims during this period including the subject of ______ as well as advances in literature such as the persian book 1001 nights, also known as _______ ______. After this dynasty fell to ________ in 1258, the arab empire broke into smaller states run by _______
abbasid, 1258, baghdad, islamic golden age, algebra, arabian nights, mongols, sultans
by the 900'a there was little political unity left in the ____ empire which completely collapsed politically in 1258 when the ____ sacked ________. but islamic civilization continued to ____ even after the empire fell
arab, mongols, baghdad, grow
muhammad united most of the ________ __________ under islam. muhammad used the islamic legal system ________ that combined ______ and ______ law and thus there was no church/state conflict unlike christianity in europe
arabian peninsula, sharia, religious, civil
islam started on the _______ ________. The arabs created an islamist empire called the Arab Empire that stretched from ______ to ________
arabian peninsula, spain, india
in india, most of those who converted to islam were former ______ and ________ of the lower castes including the ________ as these groups were attracted by islam's spiritual ________
buddhists, hindus, untouchables, equality
soon after muhammad died in 632, the islamic world became divided and still is today between sunni and shia. what is a caliph? who is a sunni? who is a shia?
caliph- a Muslim leader after Muhammad sunni- someone who believed that the islamic community should select a caliph shia- someone who believed the caliph needed to be a descendant of muhammad
the northern ______ reconquer spain with the last muslim stronghold of ______ falling in the year _______--. the new spanish monarchy forced _______________
christians, granada, 1492, muslims out of spain
muslim spain was prosperous and ______ with the city of ________- as its center during the golden age
cosmopolitan, cordoba
this islamic trading network allowed ______ such as citrus and cotton to move throughout the _____ world
crops, muslim
founded by ___ ____ in the early 1500"s, sikhism blended elements of _______ and _______- into a monotheistic faith (like islam) that contained _________ and ________ (both from hinduism)
guru nanak, hinduism and islam, reincarnation and karma
the ______, the annual pilgrimage to _______, helped create a wider sense of the _______ _____
hajj, mecca, international umma
muslim state of the art medical knowledge for the time period included early ______ diagnosing _______--, and performing _________ and this knowledge entered europe through _______-
hospitals, diseases, operations, spain
islam was spread to nothern ______ by the _______ where small islamic states called ________ were created. the ________ _ ___________ (1206) covered northern and ________ India
india, turks, sultanates, sultanates of delhi, eastern
unlike christianity and buddhism, the spread of _____ led to the creation of an empire. this was the arab empire that stretched from ______ to __________ and whose people were united by a common _____ despite having other cultural differences
islam, spain, india, faith
in central asia, who were the opponents who fought in the battle of talas (1751)? what were the results and remifications/significance of this battle?
islamic and chinese forces were the opponents, the result was Turkic people became an Islamic culture, and China's westward expansion stopped
muslims were tolerant toward ___, ________, and __________- by not forcing them to convert and by allowing them to practice their faiths. these 3 groups received ______- status and were allowed to pay a special tax called ______ to avoid having to serve in the arab military. why were muslims tolerant to these groups?
jews, christians, zoroastrians, dhimmi, jizya; the muslims viewed their god, allah, as the same as christians' and jews'
define jihad. what are 2 interpretations of it and why is one of these controversial?
jihad means struggle. One interpretation is a need to overcome greed and selfish desires, and the other is to fight to protect the community, which is the controversial interpretation
sharia is islamic ____ that provided a guideline for how muslims should live (prayer, marriage, inheritance, business deals). _______- were muslims who did not think it was necessary to strictly follow sharia and they believed ______-- would provide them with a close spiritual relationship to ______
law, sufis, meditation, allah
muslims made important advances in _____ ( they created ______) and ________
math, algebra, medicine
while slaves and prisoners of war may have been forced to convert to islam, middle eastern _____ converted for ______ connections within the arab empire
merchants, trade
islam was _________ and spoke out against __________ and arab ______- worship
monotheistic, polytheism, idol
islam's founder was _______ who was a ________ born in ________. in ______ he started hearing messages which became the _____ (islam's holy book) and the basis for the religion islam
muhammad, merchant, mecca, 610, Quran
despite the decline of the abbasid dynasty and its political leadership, the islamic civilization was still connected through a common religion (instead of by a shared state) that included _________- of _________ and _______
networks, faith, trade
based in anatolia, the _______ empire by 1500 becomes the _______ world's most powerful empire and later took over most of the ____ __ and _______ _______
ottoman, islamic, middle east, north africa
led by arab and _____ merchants, a _____ system connected the islamic world which was friendly to both commerce and _______-
persian, trading, merchants
before the start of islam. the arabs on the arabian peninsula were ________ but moving toward monotheism due to contact with _____, ________, and _________ all of whose faiths inspired ________. The arabs viewed the main arab god ______ as the same god as the jewish god _______ and thus considered themselves also as descendants of _________
polytheistic, jews, christians, zoroastrians, islam, allah, yahweh, abraham
the areas of india that islam became most accepted were the ________ and _______ regions (today's _________) in ________ india and the _______ region in todays __________ in eastern india. islam is the main religion in _______ and _____ but overall only ___-___% of indians converted to islam. islam has always been a minority religion in india even during times when muslims ______ india
punjab, singh, pakistan, northwest, bengal, bangladesh, pakistan, bangladesh, 20-25, ruled
after the fall of the _____- empire, muslims kept texts from ___ and ______ alive which they translated into _____
roman, greece, rome, arabic
according to the quran, muslim women and men were _______- equal but ______- unequal. acting on this gender relationship notion, the arab empire decided to make women wear _____ and be secluded from ______ ______
spiritually, socially, veils, public life
how did sufis help spread islam to new areas?
they engaged in local spiritual rituals and traditions to create a bridge between them and islam
even before the start of islam, the arabian peninsula was the site of major eurasian ____ routes between the _________ sea and ________ ocean. The city of _______, located along some of these routes, was a pilgrimage site for arabia's most important religious site, the _______
trade, Mediterranean, indian, mecca, kaaba
anatolia (todays _______) gets invaded by the turks who end ________ rule, massacre many christians, and ________ in large numbers. unlike the polytheistic _______- in india , many monotheistic christians in anatolia convert to islam. by 1500, anatolia was ___% islamic with a ___________ culture/language
turkey, byzantine, immigrants, hindus, 90, turkish
instead of priests, muslims had scholars called _________ who served as judges and administrators and who created conservative islamic schools called __________ throughout the islamic world
ulamas, madrasses
the 1st dynasty of the arab empire was the _______ dynasty (___-750) and to provide unity had its capital in _________
umayyad, 651, damascus
what led to the muslims in spain eventually not tolerating the local christians?
warfare with remaining christian areas in the north
in ____ africa, islam was peacefully brought along the ____________ from ________ but until 1800 mostly just impacted the region's _______ and the area's rulers. most rural ____ africans kept their own culture. there was no large scale arab _______ or ________ of the region at this time
west, trade routes, north africa, cities, west, migration, islamicization