Chapter 9: the worlds of islam

islam is practiced by _____% of the world and is the world's second most popular religion behind __________

22, christianity

islam began in the ____ and is the ________ of major religions

600's, newest

in ___ Muhammad and his followers were forced out of mecca for upsetting the status quo with their new religion. they traveled to _______ (this journey was called the _______) where muhammad declared islam's independence from _________ and converted many ________ which he used as an army in ___ to march on mecca and clear the _____ of its idols

622, medina, hirja, judaism, bedouin, 630, kaaba

in ___, muslim arabs and ______ invade spain and islam spread throughout spain's _______

711, berbers, south

what are the five pillars of islam?

Allah is the only true god, pray 5 times a day, alms/giving to charity, fasting during Ramadan, the hajj (pilgrimage to mecca)

before islam started, the arabian peninsula was home to nomadic tribes called ______ who were _____ and ________ (who fought each other) and who worshipped various gods

Bedouin, herders, warriors

while most people in the middle east and _____ _______ in the arab empire converted to islam and adopted ______ as their language, ______, _______-, and people in the ______ valley converted to islam but kept their own languages. as a result, instead of arabic, today turkey's main language is _______, and iran's main language is ________ (_________)

North Africa, arabic, persians, turks, indus, turkish, persian (farsi)

what is an umma?

a community of islamic believers

the 2nd dynasty of the arab empire was the ______ dynasty (750-____) with its capital in the cosmopolitan city of _______. this dynasty was considered the ________ _____ _____ as many academic advances were made by muslims during this period including the subject of ______ as well as advances in literature such as the persian book 1001 nights, also known as _______ ______. After this dynasty fell to ________ in 1258, the arab empire broke into smaller states run by _______

abbasid, 1258, baghdad, islamic golden age, algebra, arabian nights, mongols, sultans

by the 900'a there was little political unity left in the ____ empire which completely collapsed politically in 1258 when the ____ sacked ________. but islamic civilization continued to ____ even after the empire fell

arab, mongols, baghdad, grow

muhammad united most of the ________ __________ under islam. muhammad used the islamic legal system ________ that combined ______ and ______ law and thus there was no church/state conflict unlike christianity in europe

arabian peninsula, sharia, religious, civil

islam started on the _______ ________. The arabs created an islamist empire called the Arab Empire that stretched from ______ to ________

arabian peninsula, spain, india

in india, most of those who converted to islam were former ______ and ________ of the lower castes including the ________ as these groups were attracted by islam's spiritual ________

buddhists, hindus, untouchables, equality

soon after muhammad died in 632, the islamic world became divided and still is today between sunni and shia. what is a caliph? who is a sunni? who is a shia?

caliph- a Muslim leader after Muhammad sunni- someone who believed that the islamic community should select a caliph shia- someone who believed the caliph needed to be a descendant of muhammad

the northern ______ reconquer spain with the last muslim stronghold of ______ falling in the year _______--. the new spanish monarchy forced _______________

christians, granada, 1492, muslims out of spain

muslim spain was prosperous and ______ with the city of ________- as its center during the golden age

cosmopolitan, cordoba

this islamic trading network allowed ______ such as citrus and cotton to move throughout the _____ world

crops, muslim

founded by ___ ____ in the early 1500"s, sikhism blended elements of _______ and _______- into a monotheistic faith (like islam) that contained _________ and ________ (both from hinduism)

guru nanak, hinduism and islam, reincarnation and karma

the ______, the annual pilgrimage to _______, helped create a wider sense of the _______ _____

hajj, mecca, international umma

muslim state of the art medical knowledge for the time period included early ______ diagnosing _______--, and performing _________ and this knowledge entered europe through _______-

hospitals, diseases, operations, spain

islam was spread to nothern ______ by the _______ where small islamic states called ________ were created. the ________ _ ___________ (1206) covered northern and ________ India

india, turks, sultanates, sultanates of delhi, eastern

unlike christianity and buddhism, the spread of _____ led to the creation of an empire. this was the arab empire that stretched from ______ to __________ and whose people were united by a common _____ despite having other cultural differences

islam, spain, india, faith

in central asia, who were the opponents who fought in the battle of talas (1751)? what were the results and remifications/significance of this battle?

islamic and chinese forces were the opponents, the result was Turkic people became an Islamic culture, and China's westward expansion stopped

muslims were tolerant toward ___, ________, and __________- by not forcing them to convert and by allowing them to practice their faiths. these 3 groups received ______- status and were allowed to pay a special tax called ______ to avoid having to serve in the arab military. why were muslims tolerant to these groups?

jews, christians, zoroastrians, dhimmi, jizya; the muslims viewed their god, allah, as the same as christians' and jews'

define jihad. what are 2 interpretations of it and why is one of these controversial?

jihad means struggle. One interpretation is a need to overcome greed and selfish desires, and the other is to fight to protect the community, which is the controversial interpretation

sharia is islamic ____ that provided a guideline for how muslims should live (prayer, marriage, inheritance, business deals). _______- were muslims who did not think it was necessary to strictly follow sharia and they believed ______-- would provide them with a close spiritual relationship to ______

law, sufis, meditation, allah

muslims made important advances in _____ ( they created ______) and ________

math, algebra, medicine

while slaves and prisoners of war may have been forced to convert to islam, middle eastern _____ converted for ______ connections within the arab empire

merchants, trade

islam was _________ and spoke out against __________ and arab ______- worship

monotheistic, polytheism, idol

islam's founder was _______ who was a ________ born in ________. in ______ he started hearing messages which became the _____ (islam's holy book) and the basis for the religion islam

muhammad, merchant, mecca, 610, Quran

despite the decline of the abbasid dynasty and its political leadership, the islamic civilization was still connected through a common religion (instead of by a shared state) that included _________- of _________ and _______

networks, faith, trade

based in anatolia, the _______ empire by 1500 becomes the _______ world's most powerful empire and later took over most of the ____ __ and _______ _______

ottoman, islamic, middle east, north africa

led by arab and _____ merchants, a _____ system connected the islamic world which was friendly to both commerce and _______-

persian, trading, merchants

before the start of islam. the arabs on the arabian peninsula were ________ but moving toward monotheism due to contact with _____, ________, and _________ all of whose faiths inspired ________. The arabs viewed the main arab god ______ as the same god as the jewish god _______ and thus considered themselves also as descendants of _________

polytheistic, jews, christians, zoroastrians, islam, allah, yahweh, abraham

the areas of india that islam became most accepted were the ________ and _______ regions (today's _________) in ________ india and the _______ region in todays __________ in eastern india. islam is the main religion in _______ and _____ but overall only ___-___% of indians converted to islam. islam has always been a minority religion in india even during times when muslims ______ india

punjab, singh, pakistan, northwest, bengal, bangladesh, pakistan, bangladesh, 20-25, ruled

after the fall of the _____- empire, muslims kept texts from ___ and ______ alive which they translated into _____

roman, greece, rome, arabic

according to the quran, muslim women and men were _______- equal but ______- unequal. acting on this gender relationship notion, the arab empire decided to make women wear _____ and be secluded from ______ ______

spiritually, socially, veils, public life

how did sufis help spread islam to new areas?

they engaged in local spiritual rituals and traditions to create a bridge between them and islam

even before the start of islam, the arabian peninsula was the site of major eurasian ____ routes between the _________ sea and ________ ocean. The city of _______, located along some of these routes, was a pilgrimage site for arabia's most important religious site, the _______

trade, Mediterranean, indian, mecca, kaaba

anatolia (todays _______) gets invaded by the turks who end ________ rule, massacre many christians, and ________ in large numbers. unlike the polytheistic _______- in india , many monotheistic christians in anatolia convert to islam. by 1500, anatolia was ___% islamic with a ___________ culture/language

turkey, byzantine, immigrants, hindus, 90, turkish

instead of priests, muslims had scholars called _________ who served as judges and administrators and who created conservative islamic schools called __________ throughout the islamic world

ulamas, madrasses

the 1st dynasty of the arab empire was the _______ dynasty (___-750) and to provide unity had its capital in _________

umayyad, 651, damascus

what led to the muslims in spain eventually not tolerating the local christians?

warfare with remaining christian areas in the north

in ____ africa, islam was peacefully brought along the ____________ from ________ but until 1800 mostly just impacted the region's _______ and the area's rulers. most rural ____ africans kept their own culture. there was no large scale arab _______ or ________ of the region at this time

west, trade routes, north africa, cities, west, migration, islamicization