chapter 9 world

Missi Dominici

Charlemagne established, messengers of the king to make sure his counts of the local districts were following his wishes.

Battle of Tours

Charles Martel saves Christianity and Europe from Muslims at this battle.

William Duke of Normandy

Descends from Vikings who took control of "Normandy" 150 years earlier (911). Cousin of Edward The Confessor, and claims he was promised the throne years earlier (1052). Defeats Harold Godwinson, at Battle of Hastings, crowned English king. Took a census, known as the Domesday book, first census taken in Europe(allows for proper taxation of what people have). Rules England for next 20 years. Builds 80 castles to squash resistance, and to solidify himself.

Harold Godwinson

Earl of Wessex (Anglo- Saxon). Brother in Law of Edward The Confessor claims he was promised the throne while Ed. was dying. Supported by the Witan (Council of barons). Crowned king in January, 1066. Defeated Hardrada and Vikings in York; however died in the battle of Hastings, shot in the eye, successor of power is William of Normandy.

Parliament- In the 13th century

Edward I established the English Parliament. Representative government composed of kights, people, and nobles. House of Lords & Commons. Granted taxes and passed laws.

Emperor Alexius Comnenus I

Emperor of Byzantines, asked the Europeans for help against the Seljuk Turks(Muslims)

Henry II

Enlarged the power of English monarchy. 1154-89. Increased crimial cases. Common law. Conflict with Becket. Claimed the right to punish clergymen in royal courts.

Wergild

to avoid bloodshed, a new system developed based on this fine. The amount paid by a wrongdoer to the family the person killed. Money for man.

Fief

land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service

Franks

longest lasting of the Germanic states.

Saladin

Muslim leader in the third crusade and captured Jerusalem in 1187.

Ordeals

divine intervention would prevent injury to an innocent suspect, belief in Germanic law.

Cermont, France

...

Hastings

(10-14-1066) -King Harold Godwinson vs. William of Normandy Fought south of London -William's forces land in Pevensey on 9-28 -Fail to move towards London, and strategically capture it. -Want to stay near supply ships -Allows Harold to learn of the invasion and force march his men back to fight William -Harold seizes the high ground along the main road to London. -Normans have cavalry and archers -Normans initially can't break English "shield wall" -Feign retreat causing undisciplined English soldiers to give up their position. English soldiers charge downhill, no match for Norman cavalry, the gap in the shield wall allows Normans to attack. Harold gets shot in the eye, troops flee. -AFTERMATH William Duke of Normandy is crowned English king on 12-25-1066

Clovis

(500) - established Frankish kingdom. Strong military leader. First Germanic ruler to convert to Christianity. Gained a powerful new Frankish kingdom that stretched from the Pyrenees, to eastern France and West Germany.

Emperor Justinian

(527—565 CE). Greatest Byzantine Emperor. -Reconquered much of land lost in the western empire from the invaders. North Africa, Italy, and the coasts of Spain. -City of Rome changes hands 6x in 16 years. Pope control, his control -Eventually lost much land to Muslims contributes to start of Crusades. -Remembered for his Body of Civil Law-"Justinian Code".

Charlemagne (Charles the Great)

(768-814)Lengthy rule, expanded the territory of the Frankish kingdom, created the Carolingian Empire. At its height, controlled much of western and central Europe. Established missi dominici to make sure he remained powerful. Most popular Christian ruler, in 800, he aquired the title-emporor of the Romans. Symbolized the coming together of Germianic, Roman and Christian elements. Strong desire to promote learning. Renewal of education, latin culture, and classical works. He saw the need to have literate gov't officials.

Stamford Bridge

(9-25- 1066) King Harold Godwinson vs. King Hardrada Fought outside of York (northern England) Vikings arrive in 300 ships carrying 10,000 men •Take the city of York •King Godwinson marches his army 180 miles in 4 days catching Viking unprepared for battle •Hardrada and Tostig are killed •Surviving Vikings only need 24 ships to return home

Hastings

...

Holy Roman Empire- German kings wanted to rule Italy as well as they led this empire. Germans attempted to conquer northern italy. Opposed by the pope. The alliegence to the pope and the northern Italian cities defeated Frederick.

...

Normandy

...

The Crusader States

...

Western Roman Empire

...

Vikings, Magyars, Muslims

2nd wave of invaders in Europe, after the break up of the Frankish kingdom. The Vikings invaded from Scandinavia, because of lack of good agriculture. Very effective boats . could travel in the ocean or on rivers. Use of violence, attacked many churches and villages for riches throughout Europe. Magyars were Muslims from Asia, and they invaded Western Europe from their settlement in Hungary.

Hagia Sophia

In constantinople, "holy wisdom".

The Holy Land

Jerusalem. What is being fought over in the crusades.

Middle Ages influences

Legacy of Rome, Germanic Influence. Influence of the Church. A+B+C= New European Culture. Education is down, because invading tribes are at war next to you.

Pope Urban II

Responded to byzantine request, saw a golden opportunity to provide papal leadership for a great cause. rallied the warriors of Europe for the liberation of Jerusalem and the Holy land from the infidels(Muslims). Promised remission of sins if people fought

Byzantine Empire

Roman Empire was split and new capital established in Greek city of Byzantium (330 C.E) • Byzantium renamed Constantinople (Constantine) • Will flourish long after Western Roman Empire "Falls" • Will preserve Greco Roman Culture • New customs/traditions develop. • The Byzantine Empire (Lasts until 1453) • Eastern Orthodox Religion • Greek (not Latin) • No icons—"Iconoclasts" • Patriarch—appointed by Emperor • Priests marry • SCHISM (1054)—Patriarch & Pope excommunicate each other • Missionaries (Cyril) convert Slavs—creates Cyrillic alphabet

Anglo-Saxons

Roman influence was weak in Britain. When the Roman Armies abandoned Britain, the Angles and the Saxons-Germanic Tribes from Denmark and northern Germany, moved in and settled there.

Pepin

Saves Rome (city) from the Lombards. Strengthens ties with Church. First frankish king to be anointed by the pope. (late 700s) - Frankish Kingdom's power shifts from king to the mayors of the palace. One of the 3 mayors was Pepin, who assumed the kingship for himself and family.

Fall of Roman Empire

The "FALL" of Rome (476 C.E.) •"Domestic" Problems A. Economic Collapse—inflation, food shortages, reliance on slavery. B. Political Instability—(between 218C.E. to 268—there were 50 emperors proclaimed—27 served—17 murdered—2 suicide) C. Rise of Christianity—Christians loyal to their faith at the expense of the Empire. D. Too many miles (4000 in the East) of frontier to protect. E. Too Few soldiers F. Reliance on "Foederati" (Non Roman/Barbarian Soldiers) to help protect frontiers. G. Germanic Chieftain Odoacer forces Romulus Augustulus to abdicate the throne in 476.

Feudalism

The invaders (second wave) led to the need for feudalism. People felt as if government cant protect them from invaders. A political, economic, military and social system based on personal loyalty (fealty) and the granting of land in exchange for service and payments. Feudalism emphasizes local government, local protection and local self sufficiency. People turn to local nobles to protect them in exchange for their services. Believed to have started in the 8th century with the Franks (w/Charles Martel) before spreading across Europe. Ended with crusades.

Harold Hardrada

Viking, King of Norway. Explains that Edward the Confessor never should have been king, a Viking should have. Wants to reinstate the Viking claim to the throne (Canut). Godwinson's brother (Tostig) supports Hardrada. Death marks end of Viking Age. Loses to Godwinson at York, brought 300 ships, were surprised attacked by Godwinsons marching troops.

Becket

archbishop of Canterbury, claimed that only Roman Catholic churches could try clerics. Fought with Henry II, who believed that the royal courts should have the right to try church officials.

Germanic peoples

began to move into the lands of the Roman Empire by the 3rd century. The Visigoths occupied spain and Italy until the Ostrogoths took control of Italy in the fifth century. By 500, WRE had been replaced by a number of states ruled by Germanic kings.

The Body of civil Law

created by Justinian. -Code—revises/compiles relevant imperial edicts— over 5000 laws. -Novellae—the new laws after 534 -Digest—summary of major legal scholars opinions The Institutes—textbook for law students -Justinian Code becomes popular across Europe during Renaissance into 1800s.

Richard I

negotiated a settlement with Saladin that permitted Christian pilgrims free access to Jersusalem. The king of England who led the third Crusade. Also known as "Lion Heart".

The Normans

people with a combination of French and Viking cultures living in Normandy.

Pagans

polytheists; weren't Christian, Jewish, or Muslim; religion of Romans before Christianity became official religion

Magna Carta- English nobles resented the ongoing growth of the kings power

rebelled against king john. Forced him to sign the Magna Carta in 1215. Feudal document- relationship between king and his vassals was based on mutual rights and obligations. Gave written regontition to the idea that a monarch's power was limited, not absolute.

Charles Martel

the leader who defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours. Saved Christianity from Islam spread. Started Feudalism by giving his knights fiefs(divisions of land) in return for their service.

Lord and Vassal

vassal served Lord in a military capacity. FEUDAL "CONTRACT"—binds lord/vassal. Gave advice to Lord. Vassals responsible for making financial payments to the lord. Lord defeneded Vassal militarily, in court of law, and granted him land.

Scriptoria

writing rooms where monks copied works of early Christainaty, and Latin classical authors. Crucial in the preservation of ancient legacy.

Constantinople

— geographical advantages • Building Program—walls, baths, aqueducts, courts, schools, hospitals, etc. • construction of the "Hagia Sophia" ("Holy Wisdom") •Bustling city--Population of at least 350,000 (largest in Europe)