Chapter Four

Operating System Activities

-Controlling common Computer hardware functions -Providing a user interface and input/output management -Providing a degree of hardware independence -managing system memory -managing processing tasks -providing network capability -controlling access to system resources -managing files

Linux (Current operating system)

-Open source operating system three of the most widely used distributions come from software companies: Red hat, SUSE, canonical

Operating Systems: User interface and input/output management

-a user interface allows individual to access and interact with the computer system -speech recognition, sight interfaces, brain interfaces -Natural user interface (NUI) or multitouch interface

Software Suites and Integrated Software packages

A collection of single programs packaged together in a bundle Suites can include: word processor, spreadsheet, database management, graphics, communications tools, and organizers Programs are designed to work similarly Budled suite is cost effective

Embedded Operating Systems

A computer system (including a processor) implanted in and dedicated to the control of another device Popular Oss for embedded systems -windows embedded -proprietary Linux-based systems: Sony's Wii; and OSs in e-book readers, ATMs, cell phones, networking devices, etc.

Systems Software: Functions

A set of programs that controls computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs

Off the shelf software advantages and disadvantages

Advantage: The initial cost is lower because the software firm can spread the development costs over many customers. Disadvantage: An organization might have to pay for features that are not required and never used. Advantage: The software is likely to meet the basic business needs—you can analyze existing features and the performance of the pack- age before purchasing Disadvantages: The software might lack important features, thus requiring future modification or customization. This lack can be very expensive because users must adopt future releases of the soft- ware as well. Advantage: The package is likely to be of high quality because many customer firms have tested the software and helped identify its bugs. Disadvantage: The software might not match current work processes and data standards.

Proprietary Software Advantages/Disadvantages

Advantages: You can get exactly what you need in terms of features, reports, and so on. Disadvantage: It can take a long time and significant resources to develop required features. Advantage:Being involved in the development offers control over the results. Disadvantage: In-house system development staff may be hard pressed to provide the required level of ongoing support and maintenance because of pressure to move on to other new projects. Advantage: You can modify features that you might need to counteract an initiative by competitors or to meet new supplier or customer demands. Disadvantage: The features and performance of software that has yet to be developed presents more potential risk.

Network Capability, System Resources and Security

Allows computers in a network to send an receive data and share computing resources -provides protection against unauthorized access to the users' data and programs -logon procedures control access to specific system resources -tracks who is using the system, length of use, and attempted security breaches

Memory Management (Operating Systems)

Allows the computer to execute program instructions effectively and to speed processing

Google (current operating system)

Chrome OS -linux-based operating system designed for netbooks and nets -designed to run on inexpensive low-power computers Chromium OS: an open source version of Chrome OS Android: an operating system for mobile devices

Application software (Cloud Computing)

Cloud computing provides computing resources on the internet (the cloud) rather than on local computers

Personal productivity software

Enables users to improve their personal effectiveness

File Management (Operating Systems)

Ensures that files in secondary storage are available when needed -protects files from access by unauthorized users

Enerprise operating systems

Examples of mainframe OSs -z/OS: IBM's first 64-bit enterprise OS -HP-UX from hewlett-packard -linux

The evolution of Programming languages

Generation: First. Language: Machine Language. Approximate Development Date: 1940s. Sample Statement or Action: 00010101. Generation: second. Language: assembly language. Approximate Development Date: 1950s. Sample Statement or Action: MVC Generation: third. Language: high-level language. Approximate Development Date: 1960s. Sample Statement or Action: READ SALES Generation: fourth. Language: query and database languages. Approximate Development Date: 1970s. Sample Statement or Action: PRINT EMPLOYEE NUMBER IF GROSS PAY> 1000 Generation: beyond fourth. Language: Natural and intelligent languages. Approximate Development Date: 1980s. Sample Statement or Action: IF hours worked is greater than 40, THEN pay the employee overtime

Web-based productivity Software Suites

Google, Zoho, and thinker offer free online word processors, spreadsheets, presentation, and other software -Microsoft Office 365 offers basic software suite features over the internet using cloud computing

Virtual Memory

Hard disk Space is allocated to supplement the immediate, functional memory capacity of RAM (paging)

Hardware Independence (Operating Systems)

Hardware independence allows software development without concern for the specific underlying hardware

Comon types fo Utility Programs

Hardware utilities Security utilities File-compression utilities Spam-filtering utilities Network and Internet utilities Server and mainframe utilities Other utilities: mobile device management (MDM), defrauders, system cleaners, etc.

Application Software

Helps users solve particular problems In most cases, resides on the computers' hard disk -can be stored on CD's, DVDs, or USB flash drives -an increasing amount of application is available on the web as a rich internet application (RIA)

Application Software: Primary Function and options

Many software options are available -software can be selected that best meets the needs of the individual, workgroup, or enterprise

Current Operating Systems

Microsoft PC operating systems -Windows XP -Windows Vista -Windows 7, 8, 10 Apple computer operating systems -OS X 10.9 Mavericks -Mac users can dual boot to run either Windows or Mac OS X

Copyrights and Licenses

Most software products are protected by law using copyright or licensing provisions: in some cases you are given unlimited use of software on one ro two computers, in other cases you pay for your usage; if you use the software more, you pay more Some software now requires that you register or activate it before it can be used

Five basic task management Techniques (Processing tasks (Operating Systems))

Multiuser: allows two or more users to run programs at the same time on one computer Multiprocessing: Supports running a program on more than one CPU Multitasking: allows more than one program to run concurrently Real time: responds to input instantly

Types of systems software

Operating systems Utility Programs (organizations) Middleware (machines and specific levels)

Major components of leading software Suites

Personal Productivity Function: Word Processing, Spreadsheets, Presentation graphics, database. Microsoft Office: Word, excel, powerpoint, access. IBM Lotus Symphony: Documents, spreadsheets, presentations, approach. Corel WordPerfect Office: WordPrefect, Quattro Pro, Presentations. Apache OpenOffice: Writer, Calc, Impress and Draw, Base. Apple iWork: pages, numbers, keynote Google Apps: Docs, sheets, slides.

Current Operating systems Classified by Sphere of influence

Personal: Microsoft Windows. Workgroup: Microsoft Windows server. Enterprise: Microsoft windows server. Personal: Mac OS X, iOS. Workgroup: Mas OS X server. Personal: Linux. Workgroup: Linux. Enterprise: Linux. Personal: Google android, Chrome OS Personal:HP webOS, Workgroup: UNIX, Enterprise: UNIX. Workgroup: IBM i and z/OS. Enterprise: IBM i and z/OS. Workgroup: HP-UX. Enterprise: HP-UX.

Overview of Application Software: Proprietary Versus Off-the-Shelf software

Proprietary software-owned by the company, organization, or person that uses it Off the shelf software-addresses needs that are common across businesses, organizations, or individuals

Command-based user interface

Requires text commands

Enterprise Sphere of influence

Serves the needs of the firm in its interaction with its environment

Programming Languages

Sets of keywords, commands, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements: allows humans to communicate instructions to a computer Syntax: a set of rules associated with a programming language

Operating Systems: Combinations of OSs, Computers, and users

Single computer with a single user performing a single task Single computer with a single user performing multiple tasks Single computer with multiple simultaneous users Multiple computers with multiple users Special-purpose computers

Comparison of Smartphone Operating Systems

Smartphone Operating system: Google android. Worldwide Market share of sales during 2Q 2013: 56.5%.Estimated total number of application mid-2013: >1,000,000. Estimated rate of increase in number of new applications: 800/day. Smartphone Operating system: Apple Ipone OS. Worldwide Market share of sales during 2Q 2013: 39.6%.Estimated total number of application mid-2013: 900,000. Estimated rate of increase in number of new applications: 600/day. Smartphone Operating system: Microsoft windows mobile. Worldwide Market share of sales during 2Q 2013: 3.3%.Estimated total number of application mid-2013: 145,000. Estimated rate of increase in number of new applications: 130/day. Smartphone Operating system: Blackberry limited, Blackberry. Worldwide Market share of sales during 2Q 2013: 2.9%. Estimated total number of application mid-2013: 120,000. Estimated rate of increase in number of new applications: NA.

Mobile Operating Systems

Smartphones now employ full-fledged personal computer operating systems -google android -apple iOS -microsoft Windows phone

Software Upgrades

Software companies revise their programs and sell new versions periodically -software upgrades vary widely in the benefits that they provide -developing an upgrading strategy is important for many businesses (helps to ensure that updated software is stable with fewer errors and problems)

Middleware

Software that allows different systems to communicate and exchange data -Can also be used as an interface between the internet and private corporate systems

Examples of open-source software

Software: Drupal Category: Web publishing system Software: Gimp Category: Photo editing Software: Grisbi Category: Personal accounting Software: Linux Category: Operating system Software: Mozilla Firefox Category: Internet browser Software: MySQL Category: Database software Software: Open Office Category: Application software Software: OpenProj Category: Project management

Software Licenses: Individual/Multiuser Licensing

Subtype: Volume Licenses. Description: Allows the licensee to install the software on a certain number of computers. The licensee usually has to satisfy a minimum purchase requirement and obtains reduced prices in exchange. When purchasing the licenses, the licensee usually receives one copy of the media and documentation with the option of purchasing more. Subtype: Site/ Enterprise. Description: Allows the licensee to install the software on a certain number of computers. The licensee usually has to satisfy a minimum purchase requirement and obtains reduced prices in exchange. When purchasing the licenses, the licensee usually receives one copy of the media and documentation with the option of purchasing more.

Software Licenses: Single-User

Subtype: general. Description: This license type allows the program to be installed and used on one CPU which is not accessed by other users over a network. The software will be used only on a single computer, and other users will not be able to access or run the software while connected to your computer. Subtype: perpetual license. Description: Allows the customer to install and use the software indefinitely. Technical support is included for a limited term, usually 90 days. Subtype: subscription license. Description: Allows the user to use the software for a specified time period. This license usually includes technical support and access to upgrades and patches released during the term of the subscription. At the end of the term, the user has several options: (1) renew the subscription; (2) purchase a perpetual license at a discounted cost; or (3) remove the soft- ware from the computer. Subtype: freeware license. Description: This license type is offered as freeware by the author and does not require paying any fee for use. Subtype: shareware license. Description: This is a license to use software for a trial period and then, if you continue to use the software, you must pay a shareware fee or cease using the software.

Software Licenses: Network/Multiuser Licenses.

Subtype: server (Network). Description: Licensed per server—this license type requires that you have a single copy of the software residing on the file server. With Per Server licensing, a specified number of CALs are associated with a particular server. The number of devices that can legally access that server simultaneously is limited in Per Server licensing to the number of CALs purchased for that particular server. Subtype: Per Seat (machine) Description: Licensed per machine/seat—this license requires that you purchase a license for each client computer and/or device where access to services is needed. This license is typically used in conjunction with a network license. Subtype: Per Processor Description: Under the Per Processor model, you acquire a Processor License for each processor in the server on which the software is running. A Processor License usually includes access for an unlimited number of users to connect. You do not need to purchase additional server licenses, CALs, or Internet Connector Licenses.

Types of Software

Systems software Application Software

Software Supporting Individuals, Workgroups and Enterprises

Systems software: Personal: Smartphone, tablet, personal computer, and workstation operating systems. Workgroup: Network operating systems. Enterprise: server and mainframe operating systems. Application software: Personal: word processing, spreadsheet, database, and graphics. Workgroup: electronic mail, group scheduling, shared work, and collaboration. Enterprise: General ledger, order entry, payroll, and human resources.

Computer System Platform

The combination of a hardware configuration and systems software

Kernel (Operating System)

The heart of the operating system -controls the most critical process of the OS -ties all of the OS components together and regulates other programs -slower -need to rely on secondary programs.

Systems Software

The set of programs that coordinates the activities and functions of hardware and other programs -Each type of systems software is designed for a specific CPU and class of hardware

Other personal application Software

TurboTax: tax-perpartion program -software for creating web pages and sites, composing music, and editing photos and videos -educational and reference -entertainment, games, and leisure -computer-assisted design (CAD) -statistical software: SPSS and SAS

Workgroup (Supporting individual, group, and organizational goals)

Two or more people working together to achieve a common goal (Email)

Examples of personal application software

Type of software: Word processing. Explanation: Create, edit, and print text documents. Example: Microsoft WordGoogle Docs Apple Pages OpenOffice Writer Type of software:Spreadsheet. Explanation: Provide a wide range of built-in functions for statistical, financial, logical, database, graphics, and date and time calculations. Example: Microsoft ExcelIBM Lotus 1-2-3Google Spreadsheet Apple NumbersOpenOffice Calc Type of software: database. Explanation: Store, manipulate, and retrieve data. Example:Microsoft Access IBM Lotus Approach Borland dBASE Google Base OpenOffice Base Type of software: Graphics. Explanation: Develop graphs, illustrations, and drawings. Example:Adobe Illustrator Adobe FreeHand Microsoft PowerPoint OpenOffice Impress Type of software: Project management. Explanation: Plan, schedule, allocate, and control people and resources (money, time, and technology) needed to complete a project according to schedule. Example: Microsoft Project Symantec On Target Scitor Project Scheduler Symantec Time Line. Type of software: Financial Management. Explanation: Provide income and expense tracking and reporting to monitor and plan budgets (some programs have investment portfolio management features). Example: Intuit Quicken Type of Software: Desktop Publishing DTP. Explanation: Use with personal computers and high-resolution printers to create high-quality printed output, including text and graphics; various styles of pages can be laid out; art and text files from other programs can also be integrated into published pages. Example: QuarkXpress Microsoft Publisher Adobe InDesignCorel Ventura Publisher Apple Pages

Visual, Object-Oriented, and Artificial Intelligence Languages

Visual programming uses a graphical or "visual" interface combined with text-based commands Object-oriented programming languages (Programming languages that are based on objects) Fifth-generation Languages (5GLs) also called natural languages more english-like syntax than 4GLs

Workgroup Operating Systems

Windows server Provides: A powerful Web server management system -virtualization tools that allow various operating systems to run on a single server -advanced security features -robust administrative support UNIX can be used on many computer system types and platforms -red hat enterprise Linux server can manage a cluster of several servers -Mac OS X server includes: support for 64-bit processing -Several server functions and features for easy management of network and internet services

Application Service Provider (ASP)

a company that can provide software, support, and computer hardware on which to run the software from the user's facilities over a network

Software bug

a defect in a program that keeps it from performing as it should tips for reducing the impact of software bugs -register all software -check read-me files for work-arounds -access the support area of the manufacturing Web site for patches -install the latest software updates

Ubuntu

a linux-based operating system used on desktops, laptops, and servers

Proprietary software

a one-of-a-kind program for a specific application

Interpreter (Visual, Object-Oriented, and Artificial Intelligence Languages)

a program that converts the source code one statement at a time

Utility Programs

a program that helps to perform maintenance or correct problems with a computer system

Thread

a set of instructions within an application that is independent of other threads

Application program inter face (API) (Hardware independence)

a set of programming instructions and standards for one software program to access and use the services of another software program

Service-oriented architecture (SOA) (Middleware)

a software design approach using modules to provide specific functions as services to other applications

Compiler (Visual, Object-Oriented, and Artificial Intelligence Languages)

a special software program that converts the programmers source code into the machine-language instructions

Categories of Applications

business, communications, computer aided design, desktop publishing, educational, entertainment, genealogy, language, legal, library, multimedia, music, personal information manager, photography, science, simulation, video games, video

Software as a service

businesses subscribe to Web-delivered business application software

open-source software

distributed, typically for free, with the source code

Workgroup sphere of influence

helps workgroup members attain their common goals

Software development kits (SDKs) and integrated development environments (IDEs)

made software development easier than ever

Mobile application software

number of apps exploded -hundred of thousands of applications have been developed by third parties -thousands of applications are available for iPhones from the apple app store -over one million apps are available in the android market -microsoft and other software companies investing in mobile app software

How a compiler Works

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Reusable Code in Object-Oriented Programming

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Role of Operating Systems

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GPL grants you with the right to

run the program for any purpose -study how the program works and adapt it to its needs -redistribute copies so you can help others -improve the program and release improvements to the public

Computer Programs

sequences of instructions for the computer

Personal Sphere of influence

serves the needs of an individual user (Microsoft)

Off-the-shelf software

software mass-produced by software vendors

Freeware

software that is made available to the public for free

Workgroup Application Software

support teamwork with people in the same location or dispersed around the world Grower helps groups of people work together more effectively -also called collaborative software

Documentation

text that describes functions to help the user operate the computer system

Sphere of influence (Supporting individual, group, and organizational goals)

the scope of problems and and opportunities addressed by a particular organization

Graphical user interface (GUI)

the user interacts with icons and menus to send commands to the computer system

Application Programs' Primary function

to apply the power of the computer to enable people, workgroups, and the entire enterprise to solve problems and perform specific tasks