chapter one study guide

Anthropology

Anthropology is the study of humans, human culture, humans in all place and at all time, human culture and biology, humans focusing on description and explanation of human culture and human biology and including the scholarly collection, analysis and interpretation of data related to humans past and present and scholary study of humans through evelutinary, comparavtive and holistic prespectives

Academic anthropology

DISCOVERS AND TEACH KNOWLDGE

Applied anthroplogy focuses on contemporary human problems issue and solution such as

Family planning, aids public health, disease economic development foreign aid and local solution

Historical particularism

Founded by Franz Boas, historical particularism rejected the cultural evolutionary model that had dominated anthropology until Boas. It argued that each society is a collective representation of its unique historical past.

Linguistic Anthropology

History and evolution of various language social and cultural uses structure of languages sociolinguistic language and ethnicty language and social class non human languages

44. The Bureau of American Ethnology was established for what purpose? a. To conduct anthropological research on the American way of life. b. To record and study languages outside of North America. c. To create and collect both archaeological and ethnographic information on the Indigenous peoples of the continent. d. To govern and control who conducts anthropology in the United States.

To create and collect both archaeological and ethnographic information on the Indigenous peoples of the continent.

Biological anthropology

Variation evloution

People with high fiber diet have

a dirraher and is more like cow patties

1. How can anthropology be best defined? a. As the scholarly study of human beings. b. As an informal collection of materials relating to human past. c. As a discipline that seeks to study primates. d. As art, ideologies, and mass media.

a. As the scholarly study of human beings.

51. How can anthropologists contribute to discussions about and plans for sustainability? a. Primate ecology examples let us understand how forest environments are sustained. b. Archaeology examples to demonstrate what did not work in the past. c. Cultural examples to illustrate what works for contemporary populations.

a. Primate ecology examples let us understand how forest environments are sustained.

42. The kind of anthropology known as salvage ethnography arose in response to what event(s)? a. The rapidly declining populations and changing cultures of Indigenous peoples. b. The increased interest in refuse production and its ecological impacts. c. The development of a sustainable anthropology. d. Thomas Jefferson's study of the mound builders.

a. The rapidly declining populations and changing cultures of Indigenous peoples.

50. Why would a business be interested in hiring an anthropologist? a. To better understand their employees, clients, and/or markets. b. To ensure they are observing the correct international protocols and policies. c. To develop and build new products for foreign markets. d. To create diversity amongst their employees.

a. To better understand their employees, clients, and/or markets.

39. Lewis Henry Morgan is considered to be one of the first anthropologists to contribute to anthropological theory. He is best known for what developing which theory? a. Unilinear theory of cultural evolution. b. Cultural ecology. c. Race and racism. d. Indigenous origins of the mound builders.

a. Unilinear theory of cultural evolution.

17. When a cultural anthropologist creates a written description of a particular culture after being immersed in that culture, it is called a. an ethnography. b. cultural resource management. c. Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK). d. historical particularism

a. an ethnography.

28. DNA, teeth, and bones are some of the key materials often studied by a. biological anthropologists. b. archaeologists. c. cultural anthropologists. d. linguistic anthropologists.

a. biological anthropologists.

18. Ethnographic research entails a. immersion in a culture through fieldwork. b. cultural appropriation. c. an evolutionary perspective. d. Traditional Use Studies (TUS).

a. immersion in a culture through fieldwork.

24. Cultural resource management or commercial archaeology involves a. looking for and recording archaeological sites in advance of development projects. b. using historical particularism to explain the diversity of the human species. c. examining the various ways in which people create and adapt foodways. d. locating historical sites and preserving them.

a. looking for and recording archaeological sites in advance of development projects.

29. Linguistic anthropologists seek to a. study various aspects of human languages. b. prove the existence of a universal language. c. understand why people live in their environments. d. learn how music affects culture.

a. study various aspects of human languages.

47. One example of how early anthropologists exploited Indigenous peoples includes their a. taking knowledge and artifacts (including human skeletons) with nothing in exchange. b. forcing them into slave labour during archaeological excavations. c. staging early photographs to make them appear more primitive. d. purposefully gaving them worthless objects in exchange for their valuable materials.

a. taking knowledge and artifacts (including human skeletons) with nothing in exchange.

9. Culture can be defined as a. the learned and shared things that people have, think, and do as members of a society. b. the way people gather and eat food. c. the process of participant observation. d. the materials produced by members of a society

a. the learned and shared things that people have, think, and do as members of a society.

Cooprate anthropolgy

acquire a unique prespective on organiztional condition and problem within a company

Artifact

anything created by humans which gives information about the culture of its creator and users

Cultural relativism

asserts that since each culture has its own values and practices, anthropologists should not make value judgments about cultural differences. As a result, anthropological pedagogy has stressed that the study of customs and norms should be value-free, and that the appropriate role of the anthropologist is that of observer and recorder.

45. Franz Boas is known for developing these two theoretical frameworks: a. The anthropological lens and human evolution. b. Cultural relativism and historical particularism. c. The four-field approach and the unilinear theory of cultural evolution. d. Sustainable anthropology and cultural appropriation.

b. Cultural relativism and historical particularism.

46. Who developed the four-field approach to anthropology and became the most prominent historical figure of the discipline? a. Margaret Mead. b. Franz Boas. c. Julian Steward. d. Thomas Jefferson.

b. Franz Boas.

38. The focus of early North American anthropology largely focused on a. foodways. b. Indigenous peoples. c. colonialism. d. human evolution.

b. Indigenous peoples.

20. Archaeology is the study of humans through what means? a. Food sources. b. Material remains. c. Skeletons and DNA. d. Ethnographic research.

b. Material remains.

16. Cultural anthropologists often immerse themselves in a culture using what kind of ethnographic research? a. Salvage ethnography. b. Participant observation. c. Cultural appropriation. d. Archaeological sites.

b. Participant observation.

27. Primatologists, who study a subfield of biological anthropology, are mainly interested in primates because a. their skeletons and DNA hold promising potentials for medical research. b. a biological perspective provides a better understanding of our place in the animal world, as well as possible models for how early humans may have behaved. c. the way they gather and consume food demonstrates the impact of climate change. d. career-wise, this field is the most lucrative.

b. a biological perspective provides a better understanding of our place in the animal world, as well as possible models for how early humans may have behaved.

7. Humans can move around on two legs; this is known as a. ergonomics. b. bipedalism. c. foraging. d. colonialism.

b. bipedalism.

30. By studying language change and cultural influence on language, linguists can, for example, a. prove how Homo sapiens evolved in prehistoric periods. b. determine past migrations and interactions of humans. c. demonstrate the likely communication methods of Homo floresiensis. d. prevent future ecological disasters

b. determine past migrations and interactions of humans.

13. Culture should be understood as a. static, rigid, and unchanging. b. dynamic, fluid, and ever-changing. c. an abstract idea with no real-world relevance. d. something that happened in the past.

b. dynamic, fluid, and ever-changing.

36. Another defining characteristic of anthropologists is the practice of gathering their own data, rather than relying on others (such as governments, agencies, or other groups). This method is called a. a holistic perspective. b. fieldwork. c. ethnographic research. d. historical particularism.

b. fieldwork.

12. Subsistence—or, how people get food—includes various methods, including a. participantobservation and ethnographic research. b. foraging, pastoralism, and horticulture. c. unilinear theory and cultural relativism. d. cultural appropriation and salvage ethnography

b. foraging, pastoralism, and horticulture.

32. All components of culture are intricately interrelated, and thus anthropologists recognize the need for fuller understandings of such links. This approach is known as a. comprehensive. b. holistic. c. sustainable. d. cultural.

b. holistic.

33. An anthropologist studying music, for example, recognizes that this form of art may be influenced by politics, social systems, ideology, technology, and more. This perspective is considered to be a. auditory. b. holistic. c. comprehensive. d. evolutionary.

b. holistic.

26. The two subfields of biological anthropology that seek to study nonhuman primates and early human biology and culture are respectively known as a. primatology and forensic anthropology. b. primatology and palaeoanthropology. c. palaeoanthropology and forensic anthropology. d. palaeoanthropology and ergonomics.

b. primatology and palaeoanthropology.

8. An anthropological definition of human may include reference to a. how all people speak a verbal language. b. the biological genus and species Homo sapiens or the biological family Homininae. c. the food-gathering techniques we use, such as pastoralism and agriculture. d. people's ability for abstract thought.

b. the biological genus and species Homo sapiens or the biological family Homininae.

Bipedalism

bipedalism movement on two legs

37. When did anthropology become a scholarly discipline in North America? a. 1600s. b. 1700s. c. 1800s. d. 1900s.

c. 1800s

34. Which of the following is not an example of an anthropologist using a comparative perspective in their work? a. An archaeologist finding an ancient tool with an unknown function and comparing it to similarlooking objects. b. A biological anthropologist finding an ancient bone that looks human and comparing it to known human bones to determine its actual classification. c. A linguist learning a single foreign language and deciding its vocabulary has never changed through time. d. A cultural anthropologist studying various components of multiple cultures, realizing how people adapt under similar circumstances.

c. A linguist learning a single foreign language and deciding its vocabulary has never changed through time.

15. What are the four fields of anthropology? a. Cultural anthropology, primatology, forensic anthropology, and linguistic anthropology. b. Ethnography, archaeology, primatology, and sociology. c. Cultural anthropology, archaeology, biological anthropology, and linguistic anthropology. d. Ethnography, sociology, biological anthropology, and ideology.

c. Cultural anthropology, archaeology, biological anthropology, and linguistic anthropology.

43. In response to the rapidly changing cultures of Indigenous peoples in the late 1800s and early 1900s, what was the most common kind of anthropology? a. Sustainable anthropology. b. Cultural ecology. c. Salvage ethnography. d. Archaeology.

c. Salvage ethnography.

3. Based on language alone, approximately how many distinct cultures are in the world today? a. A few dozen. b. Several hundred. c. Several thousand. d. Several million.

c. Several thousand.

52. What do the movies Avatar, Man of Steel, and Rise of the Planet of the Apes have in common? a. They all had anthropologists as main characters. b. They were all written by anthropologists. c. They all had anthropologists serving as consultants, sometimes helping create new languages. d. They were all criticized by the anthropological community for the way they depicted ecological concerns.

c. They all had anthropologists serving as consultants, sometimes helping create new languages.

6. One of the many reasons why anthropologists can contribute to discussions on sustainability is because they have long sought to learn about long-term interactions of people in their environments. Anthropologists do this in part because they a. already know how people evolved and want to expand the discipline to study nonprimates as well. b. want to study changing weather patterns. c. seek to understand the reasons for societal successes and failures in all of Earth's ecosystems. d. are concerned about the increasing connectedness of the world and wish to prevent further globalization.

c. seek to understand the reasons for societal successes and failures in all of Earth's ecosystems.

25. Biological anthropologists seek to a. learn how nonhuman primates are related to humans through evolution. b. demonstrate why unilinear theory is the best framework to understand evolution. c. study past and present human biology and variability. d. deconstruct past human migrations through examining language

c. study past and present human biology and variability.

11. Foraging (also known as hunting and gathering), pastoralism, and horticulture are all methods by which people get food, which is otherwise described by anthropologists as a. artifacts. b. ethnographic research. c. subsistence. d. Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK).

c. subsistence.

48. Cultural appropriation is a term that refers to a. the set of cultural norms that are deemed appropriate and must be followed for people to be part of a specific subgroup. b. the inevitable adoption of new and better technologies by minority cultures. c. the use of an element of a minority or oppressed culture by a dominant culture, in an inappropriate context. d. the idea that all cultures are equally valid, and that every culture can be understood only in its own context.

c. the use of an element of a minority or oppressed culture by a dominant culture, in an inappropriate context.

Important role of applied Anthropology

can identify and help local ethnic group with the changes that are needed so they can enjoy a better lifestyle and can assist and help local goverments and NGO(non govement organzation) group meet the needs of the ethnic people in effective and appropriate ways

Anthropology is both

comparative and holistic

Urban Anthroplogy focuses on the

cross-cultural ethnographic, bio cultural study of global urbanization and how that affect the lieve of people liniving in cities (dieases, pollution, crime, food

Anthropology four subfields

cultural anthropology, archaeology, biological anthropology and linguistic anthropolgy

Applied anthroplogies can act as

cultural brokers to translate the goals of the corporation to the workders or worker concerns is growing number of jobs created

5. What factors have contributed to the increasing importance of anthropological studies of peoples' foodways? a. The Internet and modern communication technologies. b. A decrease in agricultural methods and increase in capitalist societies. c. Cultural appropriation of oppressed minorities. d. Climate change and globalization.

d. Climate change and globalization.

10. Subsistence strategies, diet, social and political systems, communication, technology, art, and ideologies are all components of what? a. Ethnographic research. b. Primatology. c. Cultural resource management. d. Culture.

d. Culture.

21. Archaeologists rely on what kinds of raw data when examining the physical remains of human activity in the past? a. DNA. b. Human skeletons. c. Ethnographic data. d. Sites and artifacts.

d. Sites and artifacts.

2. Frameworks, whether scientific, academic, scholarly, religious, Indigenous, or more, are defined by the inclusion of a. a set of cultural criteria that can be understood through participant observation. b. a set of guidelines that dictate methodologies. c. a set of beliefs that underlie interpretations that should not be questioned. d. a set of principles, methods, theories, and knowledge to investigate, understand, and explain phenomena regarding the world around us.

d. a set of principles, methods, theories, and knowledge to investigate, understand, and explain phenomena regarding the world around us.

22. Archaeologists seek to a. explore primate relationships with human beings. b. document the rapidly disappearing languages of colonized populations. c. identify human remains through forensics. d. describe, explain, and document the human past

d. describe, explain, and document the human past

49. Contemporary anthropological research with Indigenous peoples includes revitalizing language, addressing stereotypes, and a. determining their evolutionary stages and how they have advanced over the last 100 years. b. documenting their encounters with early anthropologists. c. studying their skeletal structures to understand burial practices. d. documenting traditional land use studies and traditional ecological knowledge.

d. documenting traditional land use studies and traditional ecological knowledge.

4. Much of the social and cultural life that embeds humans in their daily activities results from the finding, distributing, preparing, consuming, and disposing of a. money. b. housing. c. clothing. d. food.

d. food.

31. Using a holistic approach to anthropology means that a. one draws from the four subfields of anthropology. b. one studies humans through long-term participant observation. c. one is concerned with sustainable practices. d. one understands all aspects of human biology and culture as interrelated.

d. one understands all aspects of human biology and culture as interrelated.

14. One person may belong to different, multiple cultures at the same time, depending on the definition of a. colonialism. b. society. c. human beings. d. subcultures.

d. subcultures.

41. The unilinear theory of cultural evolution, developed by Lewis Henry Morgan in 1877, based its classification of cultures primarily on a. cultural complexity. b. kinship systems. c. foodways. d. subsistence strategy and technology.

d. subsistence strategy and technology.

40. The unilinear theory of cultural evolution, developed by Lewis Henry Morgan in 1877, proposed a. that Homo sapiens had a common primate ancestor. b. that every society is a product of its own unique history. c. that all primates can be ordered based on their complexity. d. that all societies in the world started as savages, with some of them progressing to barbarism, and others progressing further to civilization.

d. that all societies in the world started as savages, with some of them progressing to barbarism, and others progressing further to civilization.

The problems in Archaeology

differential preservation long time span of human evolution enormity of the potential past record

Ethnographic research

ethnographic research immersion in a culture to study

Margaret mead is

first female in rite of passage one of the best known for her early study of culture that show the us pattern was not universal for example young people experience in america is unplanset and you people experience in samoa is the best year of their lives

applied anthropolgy

focuses on our modern proglelms

Colonialism

forced change in which one culture, society, or nation dominates another.

Coprolite

fosslize human feces

In US people create 4.6 pound of

garbage per person per day

A new from of archaeology that deal with past culture garbase

garbology to tell what really happen to compare to what said what happen cant get a complete record

Holistic

holistic perspective view all aspect of human biology and culture as being interrelated

Applied Biological Anthroplogy study humans and other primates

how they are similar and different origins of primates how evolution has changed each species including humans

Anthropogy are imbedded

in army unit to study the culture of war

Cultural appropriation

is the adoption or use of elements of one culture by members of another culture

Horticulture

is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of growing plants.

Food security

is the condition in which all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

Coprolite is important becuase

it a detail record of what early humans eat and is not corrupted as it was done through a close system

Linguistic anthropology

language diversity orgins

Cultural resource management

look for and recording archaeological sites in advance of development projects

The biggest problem in garbage is

paper dose not decompose easy

Other works ina applied biological antrhroplogy

public health, nutrition, hospitals genetic counseling, substance abuse demiology, aging, mental illness and forensics

Archaeology anthropology

studies the material remains of past cultures

cultural anthropology

study of living or recent people

Foraging

the acquisition of food by hunting, fishing, or the gathering of plant matter.

Ethnology anthropology

the study of cultures

Ergonomics

the study of people's efficiency in their working environment.

Ethnographies

these form the database for the many comarative culture studies, collect data on cultural patterns, data usually come from a few key informants

Applied Cultural Anthroplogists work with social workers business people, advertising professionals factory work,etc

to conduct studies of modern ethnic groups, nutrition and cultures a large number of these people also teach anthology

Ethnography

written description of that culture