Chapter____ Study Guide for Global Studies

Socrates 470 - 399 BC

470 - 399 BC Developed Socratic Method to force students to defend their statements and clarify their beliefs In 399 BC, he was found guilty of corrupting the young and not worshipping the gods of the state He was sentenced to death and he carried out the sentence by drinking poisonous hemlock juice

Age of 7 , 20 and 30(sparta)

7- boys were taken from their homes and placed in military barracks where they learned to read, write, and use weapons 20- males became soldiers and were sent to defend frontier areas Age of 30 - men were expected to marry, but they did not maintain households of their own, instead they lived in military barracks until the age of 60

city-state

700s - 336 BC During this time period, Greece was made up of over 1000 different city- states A city-state was also called a POLIS (it's where we get the word metroPOLIS!)

City-state

A CITY-STATE IS AN INDEPENDENT CITY WITH ITS OWN GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMIC SYSTEM

What did a city-state include?

A city-state included a city and the surrounding villages, fields, and orchards

City state(information)

A city-state is an independent city with its own government and economic system While the Greek city-states were politically and economically independent, each city-state spoke the same language and shared the same religious ideas and culture A city-state included a city and the surrounding villages, fields, and orchards

Democracy:

A democracy is a government where the power lays in the hands of all citizens At first, only male Athenians who owned land were citizens However, the definition citizen changed throughout the history of Athens All Athenian citizens were believed to be qualified for public office Instead of holding elections for public office, the Athenians used a lottery system where all citizens had an equal chance to be chosen As Athens' democracy evolved, they were sometimes ruled by tyrants

Aristocracy

A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility.

Pericles

A patron (supporter) of the arts and learning Extended the reforms of Cleisthenes Mastermind behind the building of the Parthenon

Philosophy

A system of beliefs and values

Parthenon

A temple for the goddess Athena built between 447-432 BC Built using PERSPECTIVE to show distance as it appeared the human eye

Life as an Anthenian

A week after being born, boys received a name and officially became a citizen All boys were expected to be educated since they would hold public office Wealthy families hired private tutors while other families paid a small fee for their son to attend school

Aristotle

ARISTOTLE 384 - 322 BC Studied with Plato for 20 years Tutored Alexander the Great Wrote and edited more than 200 books on a wide range of subjects including the book Politics

Acropolis

Each city-state had an ACROPOLIS (fortified hill) at the center of the city The top of the acropolis served as the city's religious center and was usually home to a temple for their local god

Agora

Each city-state had an AGORA (marketplace) which served as a main public meeting place where Greeks discussed ideas about government and philosophy

Males V.s Females in Athens

From the age of 18-20, males served 2 years of military service Females did not receive a formal education, instead they learned how to perform household duties Females were not considered citizens and had very few political rights

Women in Sparta

Girls trained in gymnastics, wrestling, and boxing They married at the age of 19 They had more personal rights and freedoms than women in other city-states like owning property and expressing opinions, but they could not participate in government They could become very wealthy

Zeus

Head god

Hellenistic Culture

Hellenistic culture was a mixture of Greek, Middle Eastern and Asian culture that spread during the reign of Alexander the great and lasted for 300 years until the emergence of the Roman Empire

Homer-Illiad and Oddessy

Homer, a Greek author, wrote about their war with Troy (the Trojan War) and how the Mycenaeans tricked the Trojans in his epic poem, the Iliad In the 700s BC, oral poetry that had been passed down through the generations during the Dark Age was compiled into Homer's Iliad and Odyssey

What did the Greeks form?

INSTEAD OF FORMING A CIVILIZATION UNDER ONE GOVERNMENT, THE ANCIENT GREEKS FORMED SEPARATE CITY-STATES

draconian

In 621 BC, he established a written legal code of law with very harsh penalties The word "draconian" comes from his name and means cruel and severe

What do Greeks have in common?

Language, religious ideas, culture

Geography of Greece

Located in Southeastern Europe Made up of a mainland located on a peninsula and over 1000 rocky islands Almost 75% of the Greek mainland is covered by mountains It's surrounded by the Ionian, Aegean, and Mediterranean Seas

Athens

Located northeast of Peloponnesus on Attica Founded by descendants of Mycenaeans Named after the goddess Athena Largest city-state Attica had valuable sources of gold, lead, and marble While Sparta was well known for their army, Athens was well known for their strong navy

Athens(shortened)

Located on Attica Considered the birthplace of democracy Made lots of advancements during its Golden Age Had a powerful navy

Sparta(shortened)

Located on Peloponnesus Known for their strong military and militaristic society Allied with Athens during the Persian Wars Fought against Athens in the Peloponnesian War

Details about Democracy:

Many of our democratic principles can be traced to Athens

Democracy in Athens

Many of our democratic principles can be traced to Athens At first, only male Athenians who owned land were citizens However, the definition citizen changed throughout the history of Athens All Athenian citizens were believed to be qualified for public office Instead of holding elections for public office, the Athenians used a lottery system where all citizens had an equal chance to be chosen As Athens' democracy evolved, they were sometimes ruled by TYRANTS

Perioeci

Merchants and artisans of Sparta

Minoans(extra information)

Minoans earned a living from sea trade by exporting wine, honey, and olive oil to Cyprus, Canaan, Mesopotamia, and Egypt's Old Kingdom By 2000 BC, the Minoans dominated the eastern Mediterranean trade Around 1628 BC, a tidal wave caused by a nearby volcanic eruption wiped out many of their coastal communities In 1400 BC, they were conquered by the Mycenaeans

Mountains(additional info)

One of the most important impacts is that the mountains made unification difficult.

Plato

PLATO 427 - 347 BC A student of Socrates, Plato opened a school after the death of Socrates Wrote The Republic, the earliest known book about government

Frescoes

Paintings made on wet plaster walls

The golden Age in Athens

Persia remained a threat for the Greeks so Athens convinced its allies to join together in an alliance called the DELIAN LEAGUE The time after the Persian Wars was an extremely prosperous time for Athens called the Golden Age The Golden Age was a period of great innovations in democracy, art, philosophy, drama, and poetry that lasted from 461 - 429 BC Most of the period occurred under the rule of rule of Pericles who ruled from about 450-430 BC

Hera

Queen of the gods and the goddesses

Solon

Ruled around 594 BC Canceled all land debts and freed debtors from slavery Limited the amount of land one person could own Created a new, less harsh written code of law Created a two house (bicameral) legislature (the Council of 400 was made up of nobles who drafted the laws and an Assembly was made up of non-noble citizens who approved the laws)

Sparta

Sparta was located on a part of Greece called Peloponnesus, a peninsula in Southern Greece, and it was the largest city in a region called Laconia or Lacedaemon

Helot

Spartan slave

Athens decline

Tensions between the two alliances led to the Peloponnesian War Athens declined after its loss in the Peloponnesian War and was eventually swallowed up by Macedonia

oracle

The Greeks believed the gods communicated through an ORACLE, a priest or priestess that the gods spoke through (one important oracle lived in a temple at Delphi) The Greeks believed some of their gods and goddesses lived on Mt. Olympus, the highest mountain on the Greek mainland

Mycenaeans

The Mycenaeans were the first advanced civilization on the Greek mainland The city of Mycenae served as the center of their government and they were headed by a king.They kept detailed records of personal wealth for tax purposes and paid taxes in wheat, livestock, and honey They traded with the Minoans, Egyptians, and civilizations in Asia Minor

Revolt in Sparta

The Spartans were greatly outnumbered by the Helots and Perioeci In 650 BC, the Helots and Perioeci revolted It took 30 years for the Spartans to suppress the revolt

Minoans

The earliest Greeks were called Minoans and they lived on the Mediterranean island of Crete In 1900, evidence of their settlements was discovered in the city of Knossos by archeologist Arthur Evans Evans discovered colorful frescoes (paintings made on wet plaster), clay tablets, and figures carved from bronze, gold, and stone

Olympic Games

The first Olympic Games (a series of athletic events) were held in 776 BC to honor Zeus The games were held every 4 years in Olympia A truce was enacted so athletes could travel in peace Only male athletes could participate

Mountains

The mountains helped protect the ancient Greeks by making it difficult for foreigners to attack The mountains also made it difficult for the different areas of Greece to communicate and exchange ideas

cultural diffusion

The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another

About Sparta

Their land was rich in iron ore They grew by invading and capturing neighboringcity-states They were suspicious of new ideas and foreigners and had a reputation for being laconic (using as few words as necessary when speaking)

Mycenaeans(extra information)

They also went to war with nearby civilizations using BRONZE weapons Homer, a Greek author, wrote about their war with Troy (the Trojan War) and how the Mycenaeans tricked the Trojans in his epic poem, the Iliad In the 1100s BC, the Mycenaeans and other Bronze Age civilizations collapsed perhaps due to internal fighting, invasions, or natural disasters

Sparta v.s other Greeks

They tended to be poorer than other Greeks and did little with science and the arts, but their athletes usually won the Olympic Games Everything we know about Sparta comes from accounts written by non-Spartans

What some things that were different about the Greek city-states?

Type of government, laws, calendar, money, system of weights and measures, who qualified for citizenship

Citizens

Women, men who did not own land, and slaves were not citizens Only citizens had political and legal rights Citizens could vote, hold office, own property, and speak for themselves in court Citizens were expected to serve in the government

Tyrant

a cruel and oppressive dictator

Oligarchy

a few wealthy people held power

Phalanx

a military formation where hoplites fought together in closely spaced rows with overlapping shields

Tyrant

a person who illegally gained power, but had the people's support and brought better life to the people

Hades

god of the underworld

Ares

god of war

Athena

goddess of wisdom

Hoplite

infantry soldier who carried a long spear

Ostracism

practice used in ancient Greece to banish or send away a public figure who threatened democracy

rhetoric

the art of using language effectively and persuasively

Citizenship

Citizens were usually free men who were born in the city-state and owned land

Types of government

Democracy, Aristocracy, and Oligarchy

Why did Sparta become a military society?

Determined to prevent future rebellions, Sparta became a highly trained military society and maintained tight control over Helots and Perioeci for the next 250 years

Alexander the Great

After the death of his father, King Philip 11, 20 year old Alexander became king of Macedonia. Been in macedonian army since 16, was very respected and tutored by _________.Once king, he focused on conquering Persian Empire that stretched from Egypt to India.Between, 336 and 323 BC he established one of the largest empires in history.He wanted to continue after India but his soliders stopped his advance and began the long journey back to Greece.Return trip, stopped in Babylon and it became the capital of his kingdom.He died at the age of 33.

Voting in Sparta

An assembly made of all male citizens over the age of 20 met once a month to pass laws and to make decisions about war and peace

Polytheistic(Greeks)

Ancient Greeks were POLYTHEISTIC which means they worshipped multiple gods and goddesses Greek gods and goddesses had human characteristics and forms They married, had children, lied, murdered, and acted a lot like humans

Delian league

Athens began to turn the Delian League into an empire and became very wealthy at the expense of the other city-states in the alliance An anti-Athens alliance called the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta began to challenge Athens' dominance