chapter two
________ is caused by deficiency of dopamine in the brain .
Parkinson's disease
axon
carrys messages met for other neurons
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
causes of momentary Interruption of electrical activity by exposing a tiny region of the brain to a strong magnetic field
helps us walk in a straight line without stumbling or learning forward it continually makes communication with the muscles to coordinate placement movement
cerebellum
the __________ cortex is the principal location that allows us to make complex judgments to think and to evaluate
cerebral
neuroplasticity
changes in the brain that occur throughout the lifespan relating to the addition of new neurons
dendrites are finger-like projections from a neurons Soma that receives incoming______________ messages from other neurons
chemical
the following Behavior traits are determined to some extent by genetic factors
cognitive abilities, personality traits ,sexual Orientation
neurons
consist of a cell body that contains a nucleus , physically held in place by glial cells , they provide nourishment and insulation , help repair damage
central core (old brain )
controls basic functions
cerebellum
controls bodily balance
medulla
controls our heart beat and breathing
the somatic division of the peripharal nervous system
controls the body voluntary movements
the last resort for epilepsy patients is to cut the
corpus callosum
sulci
deep grooves in the cortex that physically divides the four sets of lobes
lateralization
dominance of one hemisphere of the brain in the specific functions
the thalamus receives messages from the
ears skin and eyes
if neurotransmitters remained at the site if the synapse
effective communication with no longer be possible .
the axon carries
electrical impulses called action potentials
action potential
electrical nerve pulse that travels through a neurons axon when is is set off
an __________________is a neurotransmitter that is related to pain suppressive pleasure feelings appetites and placebos
endorphin
__________________messages are chemical messages that make it more likely that receiving neuron will fire
excitatory
_________________ functions are the abilities that relate to planning, goal-setting ,judgment and, impulse control
executive
reticular formation
extends from the medulla through the pons passing through the midbrain in the forebrain part produces General arousal of the body
the thalamus receives messages from the
eyes , ears , skin
true or false ,human behavior is produced by a single, distinct part of the brain .
false
the dominance of one hemisphere of the Brian in specific functions , such as language is called
lateralization
the dominance of one hemisphere of the brain in specific functions such as language is called
lateralization
tasks that require verbal competence ,such as speaking ,reading , thinking ,and reasoning are more concentrated in the ___________ hemisphere
left
the frontal,parietal,temporal,and occipital are all considered what
lobes
the effects of lateralization are more likely to be observed in
males
unlike PET scans, FMRI and other scans, transcranial magnetic stimulation produces a
temporary disruption of electrical activity
the ____________division of the peripharal nervous system specializes in the control of the voluntary movements and also communicates information to and from the sense organs
somatic
peripheral nervous system
somatic and autonomic division
Central Nervous System
spinal cord and brain
Resting state of a neuron
state in which there is a negative electrical charge before a neuron is triggered
when would the reticular formation immediately arouse other parts of the brain
when a person hears a loud noise
when are mirror neurons active?
when an individual acts in a specific way or what is another individual acting that way
hemispheres
symmetrical left and right halves of the brain that control the side of the body are opposite of their location
the_____________division acts to prepare the body and stressful emergency situations engaging resources to respond to a threat
sympathetic
autonomic division
sympathetic & parasympathetic
the automatic system is made up of two divisions, the ______________ division and the _________________ division
sympathetic , parasympathetic
neurotransmitters are released by neurons terminal buttons into the
synapse
the ______________ space is the tiny gap between the axon terminal and the next neuron
synapse
the human brain weighs approximately
3 lb
a diminished production of acetylcholine is related to
Alzheimer's disease
evolutionary psychology is the study of how
Behavior exchange with evolution of species behavior has changed evolution of species
myelin sheath
Insulating membrane surrounding the axon
in order to prevent either constant stimulation or constant and habitation an Neurotransmitter is
Riggs or by the terminal button an example of chemical recycling called reuptake
terminal buttons
Small knobs at the end of axons that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters
endocrine system
a chemical communication Network that sends messages throughout the body via bloodstream
which brain imaging technique can show what general region of the brain is active at a given moment and requires an injection of a radioactive chemical?
a positron emission tomography (PET) SCAN
which nureotransmitter trigger skeletal muscles to contract
acetylcholine
finding to an enzyme which degrades the neurotransmitter prevents that transmitter from
activating a receptor site
pons
acts as a transmitter of motor information
parasympathetic division
acts to calm body after emergency has ended
the following common substances permit GABA to operate more efficiently
alcohol, tranquilizer Valium
donut-shaped structures in the limbic system that jointly control a variety of functions relating to emotions and self- preservation
amygdala and hippocampus
a chemical message that makes it more likely that receiving neuron will fire and an action potential will travel down it's axon is known as a
an excitatory message
mental processes such as thought , language, memory,and speech take place in the __________areas of the cerebral cortex
association
impulses travel from the neurons dendrites through the cell body and the_________to the terminal buttons
axon
the myelin sheath covers __________ insulating them
axons
_______ may be used to help people become aware of physiological processes that they are typically not aware of
biofeedback
sympathetic division
fight or flight
damage to the hippocampus is likely to make it hard to
form new memories
lobes
frontal , parietal , temporal, occipital
______________is an excitatory neurotransmitter primary linked to memory
glutamate
both __________ are capable of knowing and being aware of the world, however in very different ways
hemispheres
what functions are linked to the association areas of the cortex
higher order mental processes, including thinking and speech
the _____________ is the part of the brain that plays a crucial role in motivation and emotion
hypothalamus
the pituitary gland is found near and regulated by the
hypothalamus
the central nervous system____________
is the primary means for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body
hindbrain
medulla, pons , cerebellum
_____speeds conduction of action potential
myelin
during an action potential the electrical charge with an axon changes briefly from
negatively to positively charged
sensory neurons
nerve cells that transmit sensory information
motor neurons
neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement
________ results in the ability of the brain to change in response to experience
neuroplasticity
the following is released by neurons terminal buttons into the synapse
neurotransmitters
the terminal button stores____________until they are released in response to an action potential
neurotransmitters
how different are the two hemispheres in terms of degree of specialization
not very much
Thalamus
part of the brain located in the middle of the central core that acts primarily to relay information about the senses
limbic system
part of the brain that controls eating aggression and reproduction includes amygdala and hippocampus ( referred as the animal Brain)
the science of behavior and mental processes
phychology
biofeedback has been used to help people deal with
physical illnesses with a psychological component
the __________________ is the major component of the endocrine system secreting hormones that control growth in other parts of the endocrine system
pituitary gland
hypothalamus
produces and regulates behavior that is critical to the basic survival of species eating self-protecting sex
functional magnetic resonance imaging FMRI
provides a detailed three-dimensional computer-generated image of brain structures and activity by aiming a powerful magnetic field at the body
behavioral Neuroscientists
psychologist who specialize in considering the ways in which the biological structures of functions of the body affect behavior.
which of the following processes does the automatic division control?
pumping of heart , lungs , and blood flow
reuptake
reabsorption of neurotransmitters by a terminal button
Dendrites
receive messages from other cells
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
records electrical activity in the brain through electroids placed on the outside of the skull
Motor area of the cortex
responsible for the body's voluntary movement
the _______ hemisphere of the brain controls the left side of the brain and the other controls the right
right
the _________ area of the cortex includes three regions; one that corresponds to body sensations, relating to sight, and one for sound
sensory area
what is not associated with the right hemisphere
sequential processing
is in an neurotransmitter that has been link to sleep eating mood and pain a growing body of research points towards broader a roll of this neuro transmitter suggesting its involvement and such diverse behaviors as in alcoholism depression, suicide, impulsivity, aggression and coping with stress
serotonin
positron emission tomography (PET)
shows biochemical activity within the brain at a given moment requires radioactive tracer injection
association cortex
site of the higher mental processes
the degree of specialization of different hemispheres is relatively
small
sensory cortex
the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations
what part of the neuron conveys electrical impulses from its start to is end
the axon
All or none law
the rule that neurons are either on or off
which of the following are components of the peripheral nervous system
the somatic and the automatic nervous system
endorphins have been linked to
the suppression of pain
which of the brains Core responsible for length sensory information
the thalamus
which part of the brain scores responsible for relaying sensory information
the thalamus
the function of the glial cells is to
the whole neurons in place and provide them with nourishment
what's the primary purposes of hormones
they regulate growth they regulate functioning
why might a psychologist us an electroencephalogram (EEG)
to explore the possibility of normal electrical activity within the brain
True or false, functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) scans provide computer-generated images of brain structures and activities by aiming a powerful magnetic field at the body .
true
the occipital lobe processes _____________________ information
visual
motor areas in the cortex control
voluntary movement