chapter two

________ is caused by deficiency of dopamine in the brain .

Parkinson's disease

axon

carrys messages met for other neurons

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

causes of momentary Interruption of electrical activity by exposing a tiny region of the brain to a strong magnetic field

helps us walk in a straight line without stumbling or learning forward it continually makes communication with the muscles to coordinate placement movement

cerebellum

the __________ cortex is the principal location that allows us to make complex judgments to think and to evaluate

cerebral

neuroplasticity

changes in the brain that occur throughout the lifespan relating to the addition of new neurons

dendrites are finger-like projections from a neurons Soma that receives incoming______________ messages from other neurons

chemical

the following Behavior traits are determined to some extent by genetic factors

cognitive abilities, personality traits ,sexual Orientation

neurons

consist of a cell body that contains a nucleus , physically held in place by glial cells , they provide nourishment and insulation , help repair damage

central core (old brain )

controls basic functions

cerebellum

controls bodily balance

medulla

controls our heart beat and breathing

the somatic division of the peripharal nervous system

controls the body voluntary movements

the last resort for epilepsy patients is to cut the

corpus callosum

sulci

deep grooves in the cortex that physically divides the four sets of lobes

lateralization

dominance of one hemisphere of the brain in the specific functions

the thalamus receives messages from the

ears skin and eyes

if neurotransmitters remained at the site if the synapse

effective communication with no longer be possible .

the axon carries

electrical impulses called action potentials

action potential

electrical nerve pulse that travels through a neurons axon when is is set off

an __________________is a neurotransmitter that is related to pain suppressive pleasure feelings appetites and placebos

endorphin

__________________messages are chemical messages that make it more likely that receiving neuron will fire

excitatory

_________________ functions are the abilities that relate to planning, goal-setting ,judgment and, impulse control

executive

reticular formation

extends from the medulla through the pons passing through the midbrain in the forebrain part produces General arousal of the body

the thalamus receives messages from the

eyes , ears , skin

true or false ,human behavior is produced by a single, distinct part of the brain .

false

the dominance of one hemisphere of the Brian in specific functions , such as language is called

lateralization

the dominance of one hemisphere of the brain in specific functions such as language is called

lateralization

tasks that require verbal competence ,such as speaking ,reading , thinking ,and reasoning are more concentrated in the ___________ hemisphere

left

the frontal,parietal,temporal,and occipital are all considered what

lobes

the effects of lateralization are more likely to be observed in

males

unlike PET scans, FMRI and other scans, transcranial magnetic stimulation produces a

temporary disruption of electrical activity

the ____________division of the peripharal nervous system specializes in the control of the voluntary movements and also communicates information to and from the sense organs

somatic

peripheral nervous system

somatic and autonomic division

Central Nervous System

spinal cord and brain

Resting state of a neuron

state in which there is a negative electrical charge before a neuron is triggered

when would the reticular formation immediately arouse other parts of the brain

when a person hears a loud noise

when are mirror neurons active?

when an individual acts in a specific way or what is another individual acting that way

hemispheres

symmetrical left and right halves of the brain that control the side of the body are opposite of their location

the_____________division acts to prepare the body and stressful emergency situations engaging resources to respond to a threat

sympathetic

autonomic division

sympathetic & parasympathetic

the automatic system is made up of two divisions, the ______________ division and the _________________ division

sympathetic , parasympathetic

neurotransmitters are released by neurons terminal buttons into the

synapse

the ______________ space is the tiny gap between the axon terminal and the next neuron

synapse

the human brain weighs approximately

3 lb

a diminished production of acetylcholine is related to

Alzheimer's disease

evolutionary psychology is the study of how

Behavior exchange with evolution of species behavior has changed evolution of species

myelin sheath

Insulating membrane surrounding the axon

in order to prevent either constant stimulation or constant and habitation an Neurotransmitter is

Riggs or by the terminal button an example of chemical recycling called reuptake

terminal buttons

Small knobs at the end of axons that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters

endocrine system

a chemical communication Network that sends messages throughout the body via bloodstream

which brain imaging technique can show what general region of the brain is active at a given moment and requires an injection of a radioactive chemical?

a positron emission tomography (PET) SCAN

which nureotransmitter trigger skeletal muscles to contract

acetylcholine

finding to an enzyme which degrades the neurotransmitter prevents that transmitter from

activating a receptor site

pons

acts as a transmitter of motor information

parasympathetic division

acts to calm body after emergency has ended

the following common substances permit GABA to operate more efficiently

alcohol, tranquilizer Valium

donut-shaped structures in the limbic system that jointly control a variety of functions relating to emotions and self- preservation

amygdala and hippocampus

a chemical message that makes it more likely that receiving neuron will fire and an action potential will travel down it's axon is known as a

an excitatory message

mental processes such as thought , language, memory,and speech take place in the __________areas of the cerebral cortex

association

impulses travel from the neurons dendrites through the cell body and the_________to the terminal buttons

axon

the myelin sheath covers __________ insulating them

axons

_______ may be used to help people become aware of physiological processes that they are typically not aware of

biofeedback

sympathetic division

fight or flight

damage to the hippocampus is likely to make it hard to

form new memories

lobes

frontal , parietal , temporal, occipital

______________is an excitatory neurotransmitter primary linked to memory

glutamate

both __________ are capable of knowing and being aware of the world, however in very different ways

hemispheres

what functions are linked to the association areas of the cortex

higher order mental processes, including thinking and speech

the _____________ is the part of the brain that plays a crucial role in motivation and emotion

hypothalamus

the pituitary gland is found near and regulated by the

hypothalamus

the central nervous system____________

is the primary means for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body

hindbrain

medulla, pons , cerebellum

_____speeds conduction of action potential

myelin

during an action potential the electrical charge with an axon changes briefly from

negatively to positively charged

sensory neurons

nerve cells that transmit sensory information

motor neurons

neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement

________ results in the ability of the brain to change in response to experience

neuroplasticity

the following is released by neurons terminal buttons into the synapse

neurotransmitters

the terminal button stores____________until they are released in response to an action potential

neurotransmitters

how different are the two hemispheres in terms of degree of specialization

not very much

Thalamus

part of the brain located in the middle of the central core that acts primarily to relay information about the senses

limbic system

part of the brain that controls eating aggression and reproduction includes amygdala and hippocampus ( referred as the animal Brain)

the science of behavior and mental processes

phychology

biofeedback has been used to help people deal with

physical illnesses with a psychological component

the __________________ is the major component of the endocrine system secreting hormones that control growth in other parts of the endocrine system

pituitary gland

hypothalamus

produces and regulates behavior that is critical to the basic survival of species eating self-protecting sex

functional magnetic resonance imaging FMRI

provides a detailed three-dimensional computer-generated image of brain structures and activity by aiming a powerful magnetic field at the body

behavioral Neuroscientists

psychologist who specialize in considering the ways in which the biological structures of functions of the body affect behavior.

which of the following processes does the automatic division control?

pumping of heart , lungs , and blood flow

reuptake

reabsorption of neurotransmitters by a terminal button

Dendrites

receive messages from other cells

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

records electrical activity in the brain through electroids placed on the outside of the skull

Motor area of the cortex

responsible for the body's voluntary movement

the _______ hemisphere of the brain controls the left side of the brain and the other controls the right

right

the _________ area of the cortex includes three regions; one that corresponds to body sensations, relating to sight, and one for sound

sensory area

what is not associated with the right hemisphere

sequential processing

is in an neurotransmitter that has been link to sleep eating mood and pain a growing body of research points towards broader a roll of this neuro transmitter suggesting its involvement and such diverse behaviors as in alcoholism depression, suicide, impulsivity, aggression and coping with stress

serotonin

positron emission tomography (PET)

shows biochemical activity within the brain at a given moment requires radioactive tracer injection

association cortex

site of the higher mental processes

the degree of specialization of different hemispheres is relatively

small

sensory cortex

the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations

what part of the neuron conveys electrical impulses from its start to is end

the axon

All or none law

the rule that neurons are either on or off

which of the following are components of the peripheral nervous system

the somatic and the automatic nervous system

endorphins have been linked to

the suppression of pain

which of the brains Core responsible for length sensory information

the thalamus

which part of the brain scores responsible for relaying sensory information

the thalamus

the function of the glial cells is to

the whole neurons in place and provide them with nourishment

what's the primary purposes of hormones

they regulate growth they regulate functioning

why might a psychologist us an electroencephalogram (EEG)

to explore the possibility of normal electrical activity within the brain

True or false, functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) scans provide computer-generated images of brain structures and activities by aiming a powerful magnetic field at the body .

true

the occipital lobe processes _____________________ information

visual

motor areas in the cortex control

voluntary movement