Chapter5 nutrition

for a grain to be classified as a whole grain it must contain the

Starchy, endosperm, oily germ, fiber, rich bran seed components

The sweetener that is 600 times sweeter than sugar is

Sucralose

What nonnutritive sweetener is used to sweeten diet soda?

Sucralose or Splenda

Name some foods that are high in glycemic index

Sucrose and sugary foods, cornflakes baked potatoes, and white rice

Where do we get most of our refine food sources of sucrose?

Sugarcane and sugar beets

The hormone secreted by the pancreas, when your blood sugar is low in which causes your blood sugar levels to rise is

glucagon

The hormone secreted by the pancreas, when your blood sugar is low, and which causes your blood sugar levels to rise

glucagon

What is the major monosaccharide in the body?

glucose

Which simple carbohydrate is the primary fuel for muscle cells?

glucose

What is produced when starch is broken down to just two glucose molecules bonded together

maltose

In which part of the G.I. tract does absorption of carbohydrates occur

small intestine

What are some examples of polysaccharides?

starch, glycogen, fiber

Adrenaline is released from where

Adrenal glands

What is diverticula?

Marble size socks, the form in the lining of the colon; when serious, they can bleed, and become painfully inflamed

The main site for a carbohydrate digestion is the

Small intestine

The most common dietary polysaccharide consist of what

Hundreds of glucose molecules, digestible, and non-digestible forms

When a small amount of fiber is digested, where does this occur?

In the colon by bacteria

Since the body has a little need for fructose, what else can the body use it for?

It can convert it to fat or glucose

How does soluble fiber affect the absorption of cholesterol rich bile acids in the blood?

It decreases it

Wow, the brain prefers glucose as its source of fuel, it can also use what for energy

Ketone bodies

Which disaccharide can be found in certain animal products

Lactose

A person who is carbohydrate, intolerant, cannot digest what completely

Lactose fructose, and other kinds of carbohydrates

What type of fiber is not a carbohydrate?

Lignin

What is the other name for a maltose

Malt sugar

What type of syndrome is consistent with the symptoms? Including hypertension, large waist, circumference, high fasting glucose, high blood, triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol.

Metabolic syndrome

Which nonnutritive sweetener is the sweetest

Neotame

The primary function of carbohydrates in the body is to provide what for all the cells

Nutrients that contain energy

What types of foods are considered good sources of soluble fiber

Oatmeal beans, apples carrots

What can diets high in fiber lower the risk of developing

Obesity, diabetes intestinal tract disorders, heart, disease, and stroke

During lol carbohydrate consumption what would occur

Production of ketone bodies

When you do not consume, adequate carbohydrates what other dietary component can be used to supply energy

Protein

What are the important nutrients that milk and milk products provide

Proteins, calcium phosphorus

Name some foods that are low to moderate glycemic index

Raw apples, carrots, spaghetti, fat, free, milk, and peanuts

Low blood sugar that occurs after a meal containing high amounts of refined carbohydrates is called

Reactive hypoglycemia

What other cells use glucose as their primary fuel for energy

Red blood cells, brain cells, and nervous system cells

Epipinephrine causes blood sugar to rise or fall

Rise

Reactive hypoglycemia is more likely to occur after a meal high in

Simple sugar

The brains primary source of fuel is

Simple sugars

What type of fiber, either dissolves or swells when put into water?

Soluble, fiber

Define glycemic load

The amount of carbohydrate in the food multiplied by the glycemic index of that carbohydrate.

Which two monosaccharides are components of the milk, sugar lactose

galactose and glucose

Fructose is known as fruit sugar or ____.

levulose

What are some natural food sources of sucrose?

maple syrup, carrots

Enzymes in the wall of small intestine break down the disaccharides into

monosaccharides or glucose

What is the proper name for table sugar?

sucrose

A single foods effects on blood glucose can be reduce when the food is eaten as part of a meal containing what

A mixture of nutrients and fiber

Which of the following is not considered a fiber -amylopectin -pectin -cellulose -mucilage

Amylopectin

Why would lactose maldigesters may be able to consume moderate amounts of lactose?

Because small amounts of gas produced in the intestines are unlikely to be noticed

How does soluble fiber improved heart health?

By binding to bile components in the G.I. tract

How is salivary amylase inactivated?

By stomach acids

What are the two potential fates of fructose after it is consumed

- Converted to glucose - Converted to fat

Which macro nutrient provides 4 kilocalories per gram

Carbohydrates

Individuals with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk for developing what type of diseases

Cardiovascular and type 2

Glucose is also known as what, or blood sugar

Dextrose

The condition that occurs when bacteria in food particles become trapped in diverticula is called

Diverticulitis

What is the primary difference between fiber and starch?

Fiber cannot be digested by humans but starch can.

Which monosaccharide taste the sweetest

Fructose

Similar to table sugar, honey, contain what type of monosaccharides

Fructose and glucose

What type of sweeteners provides calories to the diet?

Fructose, nutritive, and brown sugar

What are the names used for the sugar found in fruit honey and a few vegetables

Fruit sugar, fructose, levulose

Of all the monosaccharides, which one is not commonly found in foods

Galactose

Human breast milk contain, which monosaccharides

Galactose and glucose

One glycogen is broken down into glucose. This is called.

Glycogenolysis

Most forms of dietary fiber, are complex carbohydrates comprised of

Monosaccharides

The glycemic index of a food can vary based on what

The extent of processing where the food was grown and its degree of ripeness

Who is expected to normally have higher HDL levels, men, or women

Women

Define glycemic index

a measure of how a particular food affects blood glucose levels

What are two forms of starch

amylose and amylopectin

Plants, store energy as

carbohydrates (starch)

Carbohydrates are made up of what

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What is another name for polysaccharides?

complex carbohydrates

What is another term for glucose?

dextrose

What are the three most important monosaccharides?

glucose, fructose, galactose

The pancreatic enzyme that is secreted into the small intestine that is responsible for digesting starch is

pancreatic amylase

At what initial level are triglyceride levels, consider to be too high

150

What percent of calories in a diet should come from carbohydrates

45-65%

HDL levels are considered to be low for women below what amount

50 mg/dl

Diabetics to try to keep their hemoglobin A1c levels below how much

7%

What is the criterion for a fasting blood glucose above, which an individual is diagnosed as diabetic?

>126 mg/dL

The final products of starch digestion are absorbed into

The intestinal bloodstream