Chapter5 nutrition
for a grain to be classified as a whole grain it must contain the
Starchy, endosperm, oily germ, fiber, rich bran seed components
The sweetener that is 600 times sweeter than sugar is
Sucralose
What nonnutritive sweetener is used to sweeten diet soda?
Sucralose or Splenda
Name some foods that are high in glycemic index
Sucrose and sugary foods, cornflakes baked potatoes, and white rice
Where do we get most of our refine food sources of sucrose?
Sugarcane and sugar beets
The hormone secreted by the pancreas, when your blood sugar is low in which causes your blood sugar levels to rise is
glucagon
The hormone secreted by the pancreas, when your blood sugar is low, and which causes your blood sugar levels to rise
glucagon
What is the major monosaccharide in the body?
glucose
Which simple carbohydrate is the primary fuel for muscle cells?
glucose
What is produced when starch is broken down to just two glucose molecules bonded together
maltose
In which part of the G.I. tract does absorption of carbohydrates occur
small intestine
What are some examples of polysaccharides?
starch, glycogen, fiber
Adrenaline is released from where
Adrenal glands
What is diverticula?
Marble size socks, the form in the lining of the colon; when serious, they can bleed, and become painfully inflamed
The main site for a carbohydrate digestion is the
Small intestine
The most common dietary polysaccharide consist of what
Hundreds of glucose molecules, digestible, and non-digestible forms
When a small amount of fiber is digested, where does this occur?
In the colon by bacteria
Since the body has a little need for fructose, what else can the body use it for?
It can convert it to fat or glucose
How does soluble fiber affect the absorption of cholesterol rich bile acids in the blood?
It decreases it
Wow, the brain prefers glucose as its source of fuel, it can also use what for energy
Ketone bodies
Which disaccharide can be found in certain animal products
Lactose
A person who is carbohydrate, intolerant, cannot digest what completely
Lactose fructose, and other kinds of carbohydrates
What type of fiber is not a carbohydrate?
Lignin
What is the other name for a maltose
Malt sugar
What type of syndrome is consistent with the symptoms? Including hypertension, large waist, circumference, high fasting glucose, high blood, triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol.
Metabolic syndrome
Which nonnutritive sweetener is the sweetest
Neotame
The primary function of carbohydrates in the body is to provide what for all the cells
Nutrients that contain energy
What types of foods are considered good sources of soluble fiber
Oatmeal beans, apples carrots
What can diets high in fiber lower the risk of developing
Obesity, diabetes intestinal tract disorders, heart, disease, and stroke
During lol carbohydrate consumption what would occur
Production of ketone bodies
When you do not consume, adequate carbohydrates what other dietary component can be used to supply energy
Protein
What are the important nutrients that milk and milk products provide
Proteins, calcium phosphorus
Name some foods that are low to moderate glycemic index
Raw apples, carrots, spaghetti, fat, free, milk, and peanuts
Low blood sugar that occurs after a meal containing high amounts of refined carbohydrates is called
Reactive hypoglycemia
What other cells use glucose as their primary fuel for energy
Red blood cells, brain cells, and nervous system cells
Epipinephrine causes blood sugar to rise or fall
Rise
Reactive hypoglycemia is more likely to occur after a meal high in
Simple sugar
The brains primary source of fuel is
Simple sugars
What type of fiber, either dissolves or swells when put into water?
Soluble, fiber
Define glycemic load
The amount of carbohydrate in the food multiplied by the glycemic index of that carbohydrate.
Which two monosaccharides are components of the milk, sugar lactose
galactose and glucose
Fructose is known as fruit sugar or ____.
levulose
What are some natural food sources of sucrose?
maple syrup, carrots
Enzymes in the wall of small intestine break down the disaccharides into
monosaccharides or glucose
What is the proper name for table sugar?
sucrose
A single foods effects on blood glucose can be reduce when the food is eaten as part of a meal containing what
A mixture of nutrients and fiber
Which of the following is not considered a fiber -amylopectin -pectin -cellulose -mucilage
Amylopectin
Why would lactose maldigesters may be able to consume moderate amounts of lactose?
Because small amounts of gas produced in the intestines are unlikely to be noticed
How does soluble fiber improved heart health?
By binding to bile components in the G.I. tract
How is salivary amylase inactivated?
By stomach acids
What are the two potential fates of fructose after it is consumed
- Converted to glucose - Converted to fat
Which macro nutrient provides 4 kilocalories per gram
Carbohydrates
Individuals with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk for developing what type of diseases
Cardiovascular and type 2
Glucose is also known as what, or blood sugar
Dextrose
The condition that occurs when bacteria in food particles become trapped in diverticula is called
Diverticulitis
What is the primary difference between fiber and starch?
Fiber cannot be digested by humans but starch can.
Which monosaccharide taste the sweetest
Fructose
Similar to table sugar, honey, contain what type of monosaccharides
Fructose and glucose
What type of sweeteners provides calories to the diet?
Fructose, nutritive, and brown sugar
What are the names used for the sugar found in fruit honey and a few vegetables
Fruit sugar, fructose, levulose
Of all the monosaccharides, which one is not commonly found in foods
Galactose
Human breast milk contain, which monosaccharides
Galactose and glucose
One glycogen is broken down into glucose. This is called.
Glycogenolysis
Most forms of dietary fiber, are complex carbohydrates comprised of
Monosaccharides
The glycemic index of a food can vary based on what
The extent of processing where the food was grown and its degree of ripeness
Who is expected to normally have higher HDL levels, men, or women
Women
Define glycemic index
a measure of how a particular food affects blood glucose levels
What are two forms of starch
amylose and amylopectin
Plants, store energy as
carbohydrates (starch)
Carbohydrates are made up of what
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
What is another name for polysaccharides?
complex carbohydrates
What is another term for glucose?
dextrose
What are the three most important monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose, galactose
The pancreatic enzyme that is secreted into the small intestine that is responsible for digesting starch is
pancreatic amylase
At what initial level are triglyceride levels, consider to be too high
150
What percent of calories in a diet should come from carbohydrates
45-65%
HDL levels are considered to be low for women below what amount
50 mg/dl
Diabetics to try to keep their hemoglobin A1c levels below how much
7%
What is the criterion for a fasting blood glucose above, which an individual is diagnosed as diabetic?
>126 mg/dL
The final products of starch digestion are absorbed into
The intestinal bloodstream