Chapter8 Digestive System

Identify and describe the three parts of the small intestine.

1. Duodenum: measure 10 to 12 inches in length. It receives food from the stomach, bile from the liver and gallbladder, and pancreatic juice from the pancreas. 2. Jejunum: measure 8 feet long. Nutrients from digested food are absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine. 3. Ileum: measures about 12 feet long. The Ileum is the site of vitamin B12 absorption.

Name four primary functions of the digestive system (describe)

1. Ingestion: which I the intake of food and liquids into the body. 2. Digestion: is the process by which food is broken down into smaller components. 3. Absorption: valuable nutrients leave the digestive tract and enter the blood supply. 4. Elimination: solid waste (consisting of undigested food not needed by the body, along with unused fiber, fat, protein, and bacteria) collects in the large intestine and is excreted through the anus.

Identify the three parts of the pharynx. (Describe the function)

1. Nasopharynx: functions as the airway of the respiratory system. (only for air) 2. Oropharynx: passes air from the nasopharynx to the laryngopharynx, and passes food from the mouth to the esophagus. 3. Laryngopharynx: acts as the pathway for food, fluids, and air.

Ileum

12-foot section of the small intestine where vitamin B12 is absorbed.

Rugae

A fold in the mucosal lining which produces gastric fluids that aid in digestion and form a protective lining for the stomach.

Tongue

A muscular organ attached to the floor of the mouth.

Stomach

A sac-like organ composed three major areas: the funds, the body, and the Antrum.

Identify and briefly describe the enzymes produced by the pancreas.

Amylase: helps break down carbohydrates (sugars) Lipase: helps break down fats. Protease: helps break down proteins. Insulin: a hormone that aids in the absorption of sugar.

What is amylase?

An enzyme found in the pancreatic fluid.

Appendix

Appendage of the cecum that has no know function.

Which term describes the ring-like muscle at the end of the esophagus the controls the flow of substances?

At the end of the esophagus is a sin-like muscle called the cardiac-sphnicter which contracts the flow of substances between the esophagus and the stomach.

What purpose does the Uvula serve during the act of swallowing?

During the act of swallowing, the uvula covers the nasopharynx (nose and throat) and prevents food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity. Attached to the soft palate.

Duodenum

First section of the small intestine, where absorption of nutrients begins.

Identify the location of salivary glands.

Located of the floor of the mouth.

What is the location of the gallbladder? What is the function of the bile?

On the posterior side of the liver. Bile is stored in the gallbladder until it is needed to digest fats in the small intestine.

Sigmoid colon

Part of the large intestine that is named because of its shape.

Cecum

Pouch that connects to the distal end of the Ileum.

Ascending colon

Section of the large intestine that starts at the cecum and ends below the liver.

Descending colon

Section of the large intestine that starts on the left lateral side of the body and ends in the left inferior portion of the abdominal cavity.

Papillae

Small, nipple-like protuberances (bumps) that contain taste buds.

Rectum

Storage of area for feces.

Deglutition

Swallowing

Name two types of organs tat are a part of the digestive system.

The alimentary canal and accessory organs.

Buccae

The cheeks

Identify the location of the hard palate and soft palate.

The hard palate is located in the top part towards the teeth and the soft palate is in the back towards the uvula.

Labia

The lips

What is the largest internal organ in the body?

The liver is the largest organ in the body.

Extra

The liver produces bile, and the gallbladder stores it.

Transverse colon

The longest section of the large intestine.

Antrum

The lower section.

Body

The main section.

Jejunum

The middle section of the small intestine, which measure about 8 feet in length.

What are the major organs of the alimentary canal?

The oral cavity (mouth), the pharynx (throat), the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, the colon, the rectum, and the anus.

Identify two terms for the soft tissue that surrounds and supports the teeth.

The periodontium, or area around the teeth, consists of bone and soft tissue. The soft tissue that surrounds and supports the teeth is called the gingiva of the gums.

Mastication

The physical breakdown of food in the mouth or chewing.

What is the longest section of the digestive system?

The small intestine id the longest section of the digestive system, averaging 17 to 20 feet in adult.

Identify the accessory organs of the digestive system.

The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and the pancreas.

Fundus

The upper rounded portion of the stomach.

Villi

Tiny, finger-like projections in the muses membrane of the small intestine.

Chyme

When acidic gastric juices mix with partially digested food in the stomach, and the result is a pull substance.