Chapters 1-11

Identify the flaw in the following specific purpose statement: "To persuade my audience that Congress should ban smoking in public places and increase spending for education."

1) Its too political; 2) it expresses the speakers opinion; 3) It contains two unrelated ideas; All answers are correct

critical thinking includes_____________.

1) Seeing the relationships among ideas; 2) Judging the credibility of statements; 3) Assessing the soundness of evidence; All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following violates the speaker's ethical obligation to be honest in what she or he says?

1) juggling statistics; 2) quoting out of context; 3) citing unusual cases as typical examples; All are correct

attitude

A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.

Adrenaline

A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress

Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view

Active listening

Interference

Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners.

the main section of a speech

Body

It is only necessary for a speaker to identify his or her source when quoting verbatim—not when paraphrasing.

False

True/False: Although the specific purpose statement for a speech should not be phrased as a question, it is acceptable to phrase the central idea as a question.

False

True/False: Because listeners recognize that public speakers are promoting their self-interest, it is acceptable for speakers to alter evidence.

False

True/False: Because the brain can process many more words per minute than we talk, the resulting spare "brain time" makes listening easier

False

True/False: Hearing and listening are identical

False

True/False: Listeners usually realize how tense a speaker is.

False

True/False: Protecting a speaker's freedom to express his or her ideas implies agreement with those ideas.

False

True/False: Skilled listeners try to remember a speakers every word

False

True/False: The larger an audience becomes, the greater is the speaker's ethical responsibility to be fully prepared.

False

True/False: Your textbook recommends taking word-for-word notes as a way to improve your listening skills.

False

True/False: most successful speakers do not experience stage fright

False

Gabrielle, a physiology major, waited until the last minute to begin preparing her persuasive speech. When her friend Ken learned that she was panicking over the assignment, he gave her the outline of a speech he had delivered in class the previous semester. Gabrielle used the speech and presented it as her own. Which of the following is true?

Gabrielle is guilty of global plagiarism because she took a speech entirely from a single source and passed it off as her own.

Identify the flaw in the following specific purpose statement: "Why should the university raise tuition?"

Its expressed as a question

Identify the flaw in the following central idea for a speech: "Something should be done about climate change."

Its too vague

Paying close attention to, and making sense of what we hear

Listening

What is the central idea of a speech with the following main points? I. Isabel Baumfree was born into slavery in the state of New York during the 1790s. II. After undergoing a conversion experience and changing her name to Sojourner Truth, she began preaching during the 1840s. III. Over the next few decades, she became a celebrated speaker for various reform causes.

Sojourner Truth was born into slavery, underwent a conversion experience, and became a speaker for various reform causes.

True/False: It is normal-even desirable-to be nervous at the start of a speech.

TRUE

Ethics

The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.

Speaker

The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener

frame of reference

The sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.

True/False: When business managers are asked to rank-order the communication skills most crucial to their jobs, they usually rank listening as number one.

True

True/False: Avoiding ethnocentrism is important for listeners as well as for speakers.

True

True/False: Because each person has a different frame of reference, the meaning of a message will never be exactly the same to a listener as to a speaker.

True

True/False: Even though there can be gray areas when it comes to assessing a speaker's goals, it is still necessary to ask ethical questions about those goals.

True

True/False: Listening and critical thinking are so closely allied that training in listening is also training in how to think

True

True/False: Most people speak best about subjects which they are most familiar

True

True/False: Public speaking and ordinary conversation are similar in that both involve adapting to listener feedback.

True

True/False: The central idea for a speech should be stated as a full sentence

True

Which of the following does your textbook recommend as a way to help you deal with nervousness in your speeches?

Work especially hard on your speech introduction.

extemporaneous speech

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

Brainstorming

a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas

topical order

a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

chronilogical order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

central idea

a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech

In public speaking, sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against

a set of ethical standards or guidelines.

stage fright

anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience

demographic audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background

Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

audience centeredness

The ____________ is a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the main points of a speech.

central idea

The two kinds of listening most closely tied to critical thinking are

comprehensive listening and critical listening.

the final section of a speech

conclusion

positive nervousness

controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation

Ivan is attending a union meeting in which the union president is discussing the company's plan to decrease wages in exchange for an increase in vacation time. As Ivan listens, he is trying to determine whether or not to vote for the plan. According to your textbook, Ivan is engaged in ____________ listening.

critical

Listening to evaluate a message for the purpose of accepting or rejecting it is called

critical listening

listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it

critical listening

At a coffee shop on campus, Rachel listens to her friend Shanti discuss his feelings about his mother's recent death. According to your textbook, Rachel is engaged in ____________ listening.

empathetic

listening to provide emotional support for a speaker

empathetic listening

Because speechmaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy ____________ responsibilities.

ethical

direct visual contact with the eyes of another person

eye contact

incremental plagiarism

failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

True/False: The central idea of a speech is usually formulated before the specific purpose

false

While listening to a speech about gun control, Scott thought back to his experiences as an intern with the police department and decided that the speaker was knowledgeable about the subject. Scott was

filtering the message through his frame of reference.

motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech

gestures

a speech early in the term designed to get students speaking in front of the class as soon as possible

ice breaker speech

Even if your speech as a whole is ethical, you can still be guilty of ____________ plagiarism if you fail to give credit for quotations, paraphrases, and other specific parts of the speech that are borrowed from other people.

incremental

When your general purpose is to ____________, you act as a teacher or lecturer.

inform

ethical decisions

involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines

appreciative listening

listening for pleasure or enjoyment

comprehensive listening

listening to understand the message of a speaker

Visualization

mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation

According to your textbook, stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own is called

patchwork plagiarism

When you want to change or structure the attitudes of your audience, your general purpose is to ____________.

persuade

Plagiarism

presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own

open-ended questions

questions that allow respondents to answer however they want

fixed-alternative questions

questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives

Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers

scale questions

Avoiding ethnocentrism means that public speakers should

show respect for the people they address

Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion

situational audience analysis

a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech

specific purpose

"To persuade my audience that the U.S. space program provides many important benefits to people here on earth" is an example of a(n)

specific purpose statement

global plagiarism

stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

patchwork plagiarism

stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own

Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike

stereotyping

The first step toward improving your listening skills is to

take listening seriously.

Ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own

general purpose

the broad goal of a speech

spare "brain time"

the difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 800 words a minute)

Bill of Rights

the first 10 amendments to the US constitution

main points

the major points developed in the body of a speech

channel

the means by which a message is communicated

Feedback

the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker

Introduction

the opening section of a speech

listener

the person who receives the speaker's message

Egocentrism

the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being

situation

the time and place in which speech communication occurs

name-calling

the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups

hearing

the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain

paraphrase

to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words

the subject of a speech

topic

a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

transition

residual message

what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech

message

whatever a speaker communicates to someone else