Chapters 1-4

Meristems produce cells that differentiate into three secondary tissue types:

-dermal tissue which covers and protects the plant -vascular tissue which transports water, minerals, and sugars -ground tissue which serves as a site for photosynthesis, supports vascular tissue, and stores nutrients.

Shared derived traits are found in all members of the ingroup of a clade. True False

False

asymmetrical body plan

Only sponges (phylum Porifera)

Parazoa

a taxonomic subkingdom within the kingdom Animalia; the sponges

mesoderm

becomes all muscle tissues, connective tissues, and most other organs.

The artificial selection of different breeds of dogs is an example of speciation. True False

false

orthologous

having been separated by a speciation event

Scientists were studying temperature selection among pregnant big brown bats. What would the test group be in this experiment? pregnant bats juvenile male bats juvenile female bats female bats that were not pregnant male bats

pregnant bats

Which feature is believed to have been the first step in the evolution of land plants from the green algae? evolution of seeds protection of the embryo evolution of vascular tissue evolution of microphylls evolution of flowers in order to attract pollinators

protection of the embryo

extant

still in existence; not extinct

schizocoely

the method of coelom formation in protosomes in which the embryonic mesoderm splits into two layers

gymnosperms

-Gymnosperms produce both male and female cones, each making the gametes needed for fertilization; this makes them heterosporous. -Megaspores made in cones develop into the female gametophytes inside the ovules of gymnosperms, while pollen grains develop from cones that produce microspores. -Conifer sperm do not have flagella but rather move by way of a pollen tube once in contact with the ovule. -Male cones give rise to microspores, which produce pollen grains, while female cones give rise to megaspores, which produce ovules. -The pollen tube develops from the pollen grain to initiate fertilization; the pollen grain divides into two sperm cells by mitosis; one of the sperm cells unites with the egg cell during fertilization. -Once the ovule is fertilized, a diploid sporophyte is produced, which gives rise to the embryo enclosed in a seed coat of tissue from the parent plant. -Fetilization and seed development can take years; the seed that is formed is made up of three tissues: the seed coat, the gametophyte, and the embryo. -Gymnosperms consist of four main phyla: the Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Gingkophyta and Gnetophyta. -Conifers are the dominant plant of the gymnosperms, having needle-like leaves and living in areas where the weather is cold and dry. -Cycads live in warm climates, have large, compound leaves, and are unusual in that they are pollinated by beetles rather than wind. -Gingko biloba is the only remaining species of the Gingkophyta and is usually resistant to pollution. -Gnetophytes are the gymnosperms believed to be most closely related to the angiosperms because of the presence of vessel elements within their stems.

Angiosperms (flowering plants)

-Sepals, petals, carpels, and stamens are structures found in all flowers. -To attract pollinators, petals usually exhibit vibrant colors; however, plants that depend on wind pollination contain flowers that are small and light. -Carpels protect the female gametophytes and megaspores. -The stigma is the structure where pollen is deposited and is connected to the ovary through the style. -The anther, which comprises the stamen, is the site of microspore production and their development into pollen. -Scientists classify fruit in many different categories that include descriptions, such as mature, fleshy, and dry; only a few are actually classified as being fleshy and sweet. -Some fruit are developed from ovaries, while others develop from the pericarp, from clusters of flowers, or from separate ovaries in a single flower. -Fruit are vital dispersal agents for plants; their unique shapes and features evolved to take advantage of specific dispersal modes. -Dispersal methods of seeds within fruit include wind, water, herbivores, and animal fur. -Microspores develop into pollen grains, which are the male gametophytes, while megaspores form an ovule that contains the female gametophytes. -In the ovule, the megasporocyte undergoes meiosis, generating four megaspores; three small and one large; only the large megaspore survives and produces the female gametophyte (embryo sac). -When the pollen grain reaches the stigma, it extends its pollen tube to enter the ovule and deposits two sperm cells in the embryo sac. -The two available sperm cells allow for double fertilization to occur, which results in a diploid zygote (the future embryo) and a triploid cell (the future endosperm), which acts as a food store. -Some species are hermaphroditic (stamens and pistils are contained on a single flower), some species are monoecious (stamens and pistils occur on separate flowers, but the same plant), and some are dioecious (staminate and pistillate flowers occur on separate plants). -Angiosperm are flowering plants that are classified based on characteristics that include (but are not limited to) cotyledon structure, pollen grains, as well as flower and vascular tissue arrangement. -Basal angiosperms, classified separately, contain features found in both monocots and dicots, as they are believed to have originated before the separation of these two main groups. -Monocots contain a single cotyledon and have veins that run parallel to the length of their leaves; their flowers are arranged in three to six-fold symmetry. -Dicots have flowers arranged in whorls, two cotyledons, and a vein arrangement that forms networks within their leaves. -Monocots do not contain any true woody tissue while dicots can be herbacious or woody and have vascular tissue that forms a ring in the stem.

Key terms

-meristem: the plant tissue composed of totipotent cells that allows plant growth -parenchyma: the ground tissue making up most of the non-woody parts of a plant -xylem: a vascular tissue in land plants primarily responsible for the distribution of water and minerals taken up by the roots; also the primary component of wood -phloem: a vascular tissue in land plants primarily responsible for the distribution of sugars and nutrients manufactured in the shoot -tracheid: elongated cells in the xylem of vascular plants that serve in the transport of water and mineral salts

two types of plant tissues

-meristematic tissue found in plant regions of continuous cell division and growth -permanent (or non-meristematic) tissue consisting of cells that are no longer actively dividing

gymnosperms key terms

-ovule: the structure in a plant that develops into a seed after fertilization; the megasporangium of a seed plant with its enclosing integuments -sporophyll: the equivalent to a leaf in ferns and mosses that bears the sporangia -heterosporous: producing both male and female gametophytes -megaspore: the larger spore of a heterosporous plant, typically producing a female gametophyte -microspore: a small spore, as contrasted to the larger megaspore, which develops into male gametophytes -monoecious: having the male (stamen) and female (carpel) reproductive organs on the same plant rather than on separate plants -tracheid: elongated cells in the xylem of vascular plants that serve in the transport of water and mineral salts -angiosperm: a plant whose ovules are enclosed in an ovary -conifer: a plant belonging to the conifers; a cone-bearing seed plant with vascular tissue, usually a tree

Angiosperms key terms

-sepal: a part of an angiosperm, and one of the component parts of the calyx; collectively the sepals are called the calyx (plural calyces), the outermost whorl of parts that form a flower -corolla: an outermost-but-one whorl of a flower, composed of petals, when it is not the same in appearance as the outermost whorl (the calyx); it usually comprises the petal, which may be fused stamen: in flowering plants, the structure in a flower that produces pollen, typically consisting of an anther and a filament -carpel: one of the individual female reproductive organs in a flower composed of an ovary, a style, and a stigma; also known as the gynoecium -fruit: the seed-bearing part of a plant, often edible, colorful, and fragrant, produced from a floral ovary after fertilization -pericarp: the outermost layer, or skin, of a ripe fruit or ovary -hypanthium: the bowl-shaped part of a flower on which the sepals, petals, and stamens are borne -cotyledon: the leaf of the embryo of a seed-bearing plant; after germination it becomes the first leaves of the seedling -heterosporous: producing both male and female gametophytes -synergid: either of two nucleated cells at the top of the embryo sac that aid in the production of the embryo; helper cells -dicot: a plant whose seedlings have two cotyledons; a dicotyledon -angiosperm: a plant whose ovules are enclosed in an ovary -monocot: one of two major groups of flowering plants (or angiosperms) that are traditionally recognized; seedlings typically have one cotyledon (seed-leaf) cotyledon: the leaf of the embryo of a seed-bearing plant; after germination it becomes the first leaves of the seedling -basal angiosperm: the first flowering plants to diverge from the ancestral angiosperm, including a single species of shrub from New Caledonia, water lilies and some other aquatic plants, and woody aromatic plants

Convert 0.75 mg to g. 0.075 0.00075 75 7.5

0.00075

Convert 1750 ml to liters. 1.750 1750 17.50 .1750

1.750

Convert 0.25 liters to ml. 250 2500 2.5 0.0025

250

Convert 5000 g to kg. 0.5 50 5 500

5

Convert 0.539 g to mg. 539 53.90 5.39 5390

539

blastula

: a 6-32-celled hollow structure that is formed after a zygote undergoes cell division; a hollow ball of cells

metamorphosis

: a change in the form and often habits of an animal after the embryonic stage during normal development

radial symmetry

: a form of symmetry wherein identical parts are arranged in a circular fashion around a central axis

Hox gene

: genes responsible for determining the general body plan, such as the number of body segments of an animal, the number and placement of appendages, and animal head-tail directionality

deuterostome

Any animal in which the initial pore formed during gastrulation becomes the anus, and the second pore becomes the mouth (anus first)

Which of the three domains contain(s) prokaryotic organisms? Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya Archaea Bacteria and Archaea Bacteria Eukarya

Bacteria and Archaea

A couple has three children, two of which have blonde hair. The third child and both parents have dark hair. What can be determined about the gene for hair color in this family? Blonde hair color;conveys a lethal mutation. Blonde hair color is an autosomal recessive trait. Blonde hair color;is a sex-linked recessive trait. Blonde hair color is a sex-linked dominant trait. Blonde hair color is an autosomal dominant trait.

Blonde hair color is an autosomal recessive trait.

Parents with the dominant phenotype cannot have offspring with the recessive phenotype. False, because both parents could carry the recessive allele. True, because at least one dominant gene will be passed down from each parent. True, because both parents have the dominant allele. False, because one parent could carry the recessive allele. True, because the dominant gene must be passed down from each parent.

False, because both parents could carry the recessive allele.

What are all possible gametes that can be produced by an individual with the following genotype: FFGg? FF Fg, FG Fg, fG Fg FG, Fg, fG, fg

Fg, FG

Many species of finches, tortoises, cacti, and iguanas are found on the Galápagos Islands and nowhere else in the world. Which physical attribute of these islands has not played a role in permitting such unique life forms to evolve? There is geographic isolation from mainland species. Multiple islands exist. Food is plentiful and diverse on every island. Each island has its own unique environment. The islands are small compared to the South American mainland.

Food is plentiful and diverse on every island.

angiosperm vs gymnosperm reproduction

In angiosperms, the female gametophyte in the ovule exists in an enclosed structure, the ovary; in gymnosperms, the female gametophyte is present on exposed bracts of the female cone and is not enclosed in an ovary. Double fertilization is a key event in the life cycle of angiosperms, but is completely absent in gymnosperms. The male and female gametophyte structures are present on separate male and female cones in gymnosperms, whereas in angiosperms, they are a part of the flower. Finally, wind plays an important role in pollination in gymnosperms because pollen is blown by the wind to land on the female cones. Although many angiosperms are also wind-pollinated, animal pollination is more common.

Carl Linnaeus

In the eighteenth century, a scientist named Carl Linnaeus first proposed organizing the known species of organisms into a hierarchical taxonomy

Which statement is not true about invertebrate animals? The vast majority of animal species are invertebrates. Most animal phyla are invertebrates. Invertebrates lack a nervous system. Many invertebrate species live in a marine environment. All major invertebrate groups arose from protistan ancestor

Invertebrates lack a nervous system.

How is the mycelium a valuable adaptation for a fungus? It provides a vast surface area for the generation of spores. It provides a large surface area for the absorption of nutrients and moisture. It discourages animals from feeding on the fungus. It provides physical support for the fragile sporophyte generation. It provides a strong anchor for the fungus.

It provides a large surface area for the absorption of nutrients and moisture.

Which statement regarding the scientific method is false? Observations are used to form a hypothesis. Inductive reasoning is used to form a hypothesis. Original hypotheses are formed after an experiment. Experiments need to be repeatable. The control and experimental group are identical except for one variable.

Original hypotheses are formed after an experiment.

Why are green algae placed in the kingdom Protista, while plants are given their own kingdom? The green algae use chlorophyll <i>a</i>, while plants use chlorophyll <i>b</i>. Algae are sporophytes that reproduce only asexually, while plants are gametophytes and reproduce sexually. Green algae have a cell wall of chitin, while plants have cell walls of cellulose. All plants are vascular, while all green algae are nonvascular. Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant, while green algae do not.

Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant, while green algae do not.

binomial nomenclature

Scientists generally refer to an organism only by its genus and species, which is its two-word scientific name, in what is called binomial nomenclature.

taxon

The name at each level of classification

Which of the following statements is not true with respect to scientific theory? Theories are possible explanations for natural events. Theories are supported by many observations and experiments. Theories are accepted explanations for how the world works. Theories can help scientists generate new testable hypotheses. The theory of evolution is considered the unifying concept in biology.

Theories are possible explanations for natural events.

triploblast

a blastula in which there are three primary germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm; formed during gastrulation of the blastula

diploblast

a blastula in which there are two primary germ layers: the ectoderm and endoderm

homoplasy

a correspondence between the parts or organs of different species acquired as the result of parallel evolution or convergence

phylogenetic tree

a diagram used to reflect evolutionary relationships among organisms or groups of organisms. (Scientists consider phylogenetic trees to be a hypothesis of the evolutionary past since one cannot go back to confirm the proposed relationships.)

Which event was not involved in the Permian mass extinction? a decrease in the amount of shallow marine habitat shifting wind patterns a large meteor impact dramatic environmental change shifting ocean currents

a large meteor impact

gamma diversity

a measurement of the overall diversity for different ecosystems within a region

Eumetazoa

a taxonomic subkingdom, within kingdom Animalia; all animals except the sponges

Which of the following groups provides protection and nourishment to the embryo? angiosperms only lycophytes only gymnosperms only bryophytes only all plants

all plants

body plan

an assemblage of morphological features shared among many members of a phylum-level group

heterotroph:

an organism that requires an external supply of energy in the form of food, as it cannot synthesize its own

Which of these worms are segmented? roundworms flukes planarians All worms are segmented. annelids

annelids

protostome

any animal in which the mouth is derived first from the embryonic blastopore ("mouth first")

coelomate:

any animal possessing a fluid-filled cavity within which the digestive system is suspended.

acoelomate

any animal without a coelom, or body cavity

Homologous structures are often shared by organisms in the same line of descent. have fully divergent functions. are also called analogous structures. are shared by organisms of the same genus. have identical functions.

are often shared by organisms in the same line of descent.

endoderm

becomes the digestive and respiratory tracts

ectoderm

becomes the outer epithelial covering of the body surface and the central nervous system

The fact that DNA is the molecule containing the genetic code for all life on Earth is a part of evidence of artificial selection. biogeographical evidence. comparative anatomical evidence. biochemical evidence. comparative embryological evidence.

biochemical evidence

Which variable will determine the coat color in Himalayan rabbits? both the genetics and environment will determine the coat color the genetics will determine it 100% the environment will determine it 100% neither the environment nor genes will play a role in determining coat color

both the genetics and environment will determine the coat color

triploblasts

can be further categorized into those without a coelom ( acoelomates ), those with a true coelom (eucoelomates), and those with "false" coeloms ( pseudocoelomates )

Which of the following is not an example of artificial selection? different breeds of dogs; poodle, basset hound, Chihuahua, Great Dane, etc. different styles of potatoes; fried, mashed, baked, etc. different types of tomatoes; roma, beefsteak, grape, cherry, etc. different varieties of roses; yellow, pink, red, thornless, climbing, etc. different breeds of cats; Siamese, Persian, Himalayan, American shorthair, etc.

different styles of potatoes; fried, mashed, baked, etc.

Alpha diversity

diversity within a particular area, community or ecosystem, and is measured by counting the number of taxa within the ecosystem (usually species).

sagittal plane

divides the body into right and left halves

Which of the following is the most encompassing level of organization? class ecosystem population species cells

ecosystem

In science, a theory is tested by an experiment. is more narrow in scope than a hypothesis. is held to be an absolutely correct answer to a question. cannot be tested. encompasses many hypotheses.

encompasses many hypotheses

Hydrangeas are a flowering plant with large showy blooms. When a plant is grown in aluminum-rich soil, it has blue flowers; if the same plant is transplanted into soil that is lacking aluminum, the flowers produced will be pink. This is an example of monohybrid inheritance. incomplete dominance. environmental effects. codominance. polygenetic inheritance.

environmental effects.

Which of the following correctly reflects the division of the history of life on Earth, from most inclusive to least inclusive? era - period - epoch era - epoch - period period - epoch - era epoch - period - era epoch - era - period

era - period - epoch

Which geological timescale contains the greatest number of years? eras decades centuries epochs periods

eras

Analogous structures are always evidence of common ancestry. True False

false

Environmental catastrophes are a requirement of natural selection. True False

false

Members of two different species are never capable of mating. True False

false

What characteristics of Archaeopteryx tell us that it is a link to reptiles and birds? teeth and a tail with vertebrae teeth feathers and teeth feathers tail with vertebrae

feathers and teeth

The purpose of a control group in an experiment is to control the dependent variable. for comparison to the results of other experiments. for comparison to the other test groups. to prove the hypothesis. to prove the prediction.

for comparison to the other test groups

Which of the following is matched incorrectly? brain - organ neuron - cell skin - organ gene - organelle osteocyte - cell

gene - organelle

A fraction of the original green frog population survives to reproduce and generate a new population. If the survivors of the original population survived by chance, then this event is an example of gene flow. industrial melanism. founder effect. genetic drift. natural selection.

genetic drift

Pinus strobus is the scientific name for the white pine. Pinus is the genus. family name. order name. binomial name. specific epithet.

genus

If a plant has vascular tissue, megaphylls, and seeds, but not flowers, then it is a(n) fern. gymnosperm. lycophyte. bryophyte. angiosperm.

gymnosperm.

Which of these would be best able to reproduce during a period with little to no rainfall? ferns No plants can reproduce except during rainy weather. gymnosperms bryophytes lycophytes

gymnosperms

Which of these is a unique characteristic of mammals? hair endothermic extraembryonic membranes cephalization four-chambered heart

hair

Animals in the phylum Echinodermata (such as sea stars, sand dollars, and sea urchins)

have secondary radial symmetry (display radial symmetry as adults, but their larval stages exhibit bilateral symmetry)

bilateral symmetry

having equal arrangement of parts (symmetry) about a vertical plane running from head to tail

A shared ancestral characteristic used in cladistics is found only in the most distant ancestor. in two of the outgroups. only among the members of the ingroup. in both the outgroup and the ingroup. only in the two most recent ancestors.

in both the outgroup and the ingroup.

enterocoely

in deuterostomes, the method of coelom formation in which the embryonic mesoderm develops from pouches within the archenteron

A phylogenetic tree indicates common ancestors for each family. indicates common ancestors. indicates the organism's taxon. uses only derived characters. includes the organism's order and class.

indicates common ancestors.

Which is the largest, most diverse group of arthropods? arachnids centipedes crustaceans insects millipedes

insects

Wings of insects and birds are results of convergent evolution. This means that these organisms have different adaptations to different environments. these organisms share a recent common ancestor and so have similar adaptations. insects must have evolved from birds. the insects and birds must be related to possess such similar qualities. insects and birds have each independently evolved structures that serve the same function (flight) but have done so in very different ways.

insects and birds have each independently evolved structures that serve the same function (flight) but have done so in very different ways.

Evolutionary trees, or phylogeny

is the formal study of organisms and their evolutionary history with respect to each other

Which of these has radial symmetry? nudibranch roundworm planarian jellyfish human

jellyfish

Which of these would you expect to thrive in areas with abundant moisture? mosses, ferns, and lycophytes mosses and ferns but not lycophytes lycophytes only mosses only ferns only

mosses, ferns, and lycophytes

monophyletic

of, pertaining to, or affecting a single phylum (or other taxon) of organisms

epithelial tissue

one of the four basic types of animal tissue which line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body, and also form many glands

Cold weather can change what aspect of a Himalayan rabbit? rate of genetic mutations alleles sex genotype phenotype

phenotype

The process of ________ transforms solar energy into chemical energy. metabolism respiration photosynthesis homeostasis reproduction

photosynthesis

Two species are said to be closely related if they are reproductively isolated from each other. can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. have a shared gene pool. possess a common ancestor. can interbreed but not produce fertile offspring.

possess a common ancestor.

Which of the following is not thought to have contributed to the many mass extinction events that have occurred throughout Earth's history? meteorite impacts continental drift plate tectonics habitat loss punctuated equilibrium

punctuated equilibrium

Phylogeny

relationships of one organism to others—such as which organisms it is thought to have evolved from, which species it is most closely related to, and so forth. Phylogenetic relationships provide information on shared ancestry but not necessarily on how organisms are similar or different; the evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organisms

Fitness refers to the variation in traits within the population. the physical health of an individual. the physical health of a population. reproductive success. mutations that benefit an organism's survival.

reproductive success

Which of the following classification categories for humans is not correct? Homo; genus Domain; Eukarya Animalia; kingdom sapiens; family Homo sapiens; binomial name

sapiens; family

Microevolution is the term that applies to which of the following? large-scale changes over a long period of time small-scale changes over a long period of time small-scale changes over a short period of time changes of any scale within microorganisms any evolution at any scale

small-scale changes over a short period of time

In modern taxonomy, ________. species are the most specific taxa kingdoms are the most broad taxa of classification there are more domains than kingdoms

species are the most specific taxa

Beta Diversity

species diversity between ecosystems; this involves comparing the number of taxa that are unique to each of the ecosystems.

Which of the following correctly lists the classification categories from least to most inclusive? species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain species, genus, family, class, order, domain, phylum, kingdom kingdom, phylum, domain, class, order family, genus, species domain, kingdom, class, order, family, phylum, genus, species phylum, species, genus, kingdom, domain, order, class, family

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

current taxonomic system, in order from lowest to highest

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

The punctuated equilibrium model of evolution suggests that new species appear suddenly after long periods of time with little to no change. gradually over very short periods of time so that intermediate species are often observed in the fossil record. only after older species disappear from the fossil record. gradually after long periods of time with little to no change; as groups become isolated, they slowly evolve through their own individual pathways. gradually; as groups become isolated, they slowly evolve through their own individual pathways.

suddenly after long periods of time with little to no change.

A precise measure of biodiversity is ________.

the genetic variation within a species

During meiosis, each pair of alleles on the homologous chromosomes sorts independently from all other pairs of alleles. This statement corresponds to the law of segregation. the law of probability. gene theory. the law of independent assortment. the rule of multiplication.

the law of independent assortment.

When hiking high in the mountains, you find fossil marine shells lying about. This provides evidence that someone brought the shells to the top of the mountain. very high ocean waves brought the shells to the top of the mountain. shelled marine animals live on the top of mountains. the mountain top was once under the ocean and has been uplifted. marine animals are not restricted to living in the ocean.

the mountain top was once under the ocean and has been uplifted.

enterocoely:

the process by which deuterostome animal embryos develop; the coelom forms from pouches "pinched" off of the digestive tract

schizocoely:

the process by which protostome animal embryos develop; it occurs when a coelom (body cavity) is formed by splitting the mesodermal embryonic tissue

Taxonomy (which literally means "arrangement law")

the science of classifying organisms to construct internationally shared classification systems with each organism placed into more and more inclusive groupings

Which of the following would be considered analogous structures? the pelvis of a human and the pelvis of a whale the wings of a fly and the wings of a sparrow the forelimb of a bat and the forelimb of a horse the wings of a bird and the forelimbs of a reptile the flipper of a dolphin and the arm of a human

the wings of a fly and the wings of a sparrow

Tortoises in the Galápagos possessed neck lengths unique to each island. Neck lengths appear to be an adaptation to which selective agent? defense against predators type of vegetation available to eat ease in finding pools of drinking water male competition for females reproductive barriers used to produce offspring

type of vegetation available to eat

Protists can be colonial or multicellular, but not unicellular. colonial only. unicellular, colonial, or multicellular. unicellular only. unicellular or colonial, but not multicellular.

unicellular, colonial, or multicellular.

Phylogenetic trees are ________.

visual summaries of the relationships between organisms

________ is the vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals from a plant's roots to its leaves. Endosperm Phloem Corolla Xylem Hypha

xylem

The fermentation capabilities of ________ are used to produce bread and alcoholic beverages. molds lichens chytrids mycorrhizal fungi yeasts

yeasts