Chapters 1-8 PHYS
select all of the values that are equivalent to 10^-4
(10^-2)^2 0.0001 10^2/10^6
the moon's mass in approximately ___ the mass of the earth
1/80
if you see a planet with wavelength of maximum emission of 2.9 x 10^4 nm then its temperature will be ___ k
100
simplify the following expression: 10^-3 x 10^10 / 10^4 =
10^3
A Moon rock has a mass of 2 kg. What is the mass of the same rock when brought to Earth?
2 kg
The density of Swiss cheese is about 1.1 g/cm3. If the Moon were in fact made of (incompressible) cheese, what would be its mass? (Note: The radius of the Moon is 1.738 × 108 cm.)
2.4× 10^25 g.
According to the Gregorian calendar, which of the following is a leap year?
2000
round to the nearest whole number the density of silicate rock is about ____ g/cm water is 1 g/cm
3
The speed of light is about ______ km/s.
300,000
Which of the following argues against the fission theory of the origin of the Moon?
The Moon's orbit is near the ecliptic, not near Earth's equatorial plane
identify the jovian planets in the following list
Uranus Jupiter neptune
the pattern of little dipper in the sky is an example of ___
an asterism
the interstellar cloud that formed our solar system was ___
an enormous collection of gas and dust a few light-years in diameter made mostly of hydrogen and helium
A star's azimuth is its...
angle measured eastward from due north
the apparent diameter or length an object extends across on the sky is called its ____
angular
To what color do your eyes respond best in the dark?
blue
they hypotheses for the formation of the moon make different predictions about the moon's chemical composition select all that are disproven by the fact that the moon has a composition similar but not identical to the earth's
capture hypothesis twin formation hypothesis fission hypothesis
the motion shown in the image is a result of the ___ effect
coriolis
The three stars in the Summer Triangle are...
deneb, altair, and vega
on a day when venus is the "evening star" it must be located to the ___ of the sun
east
the ball will move faster if the person ___
exerts a stronger force on the string lets out some string and exerts the same force
true of false; redder blackbodies are hotter than bluer ones
false
which types of telescopes must be placed above earth's atmosphere
gamma ray ultraviolet x ray
tidal interactions occur throughout the universe, between planets and moons black holes and stars and even between different galaxies tidal forces happen because the strength of ___ changes with ___
gravity distance
select all the circumstances under which spectral lines can form
individual atoms radiating light molecules radiating light molecules absorbing light solid objects reflecting light individual atoms absorbing light
to study a cool dust cloud, an astronomer would observe at radio or slight shorter ____ wavelengths
infrared
match the elements with regions on the moon where they are likely to be concentrated
iron, titanium, magnesium - lunar mare regions calcium, aluminum, silicates - lunar highlands hydrogen , helium - not prevalent on the moon
a coconut falling from a tree is an example of ____
newton's second law of motion
select all the properties that describe reflecting telescopes
often the secondary mirror blocks some of the primary a mirror is the primary collector
put the colors of visibility in order from largest wavelength to shortest
read yellow blue violet
the blanket of chunks of rock and fine rock powder that covers the moon is called ____
regolith
___ is a term for the acceleration of gravity near a body's surface
surface gravity
select all the observations of the sky you might make over the course of the year
the sun passes through all the signs of the zodiac the sun travels around the ecliptic once different stars are blocked out by the sun
a solar day is ___
the time between successive noons
true of false; protons and electrons are attracted to one another
true
select the properties listed that would be true of region b the other properties are true of region a
younger; 3 billion years old made of basalt
A star which is located on the celestial equator would have _______ declination.
0
match the numerical values for absolute zero with their appropriate temperature scales
0 - kelvin scale -273 - Celsius scale -460 - Fahrenheit scale
rank these temperatures in order form hottest to coldest
0 Celsius 0 Fahrenheit 0 kelvin
Use the data below to calculate the ratio of the Moon's mass to the Earth's, and the ratio of the Moon's radius to the Earth's radius. mMoon = 734.9 × 1020 kg, mEarth = 5.974 × 1024 kg, rMoon = 1.738 × 103 km and rEarth = 6.378 × 103 km
0.01230 0.2725
the mirror in the hubble telescope has a diameter of about 250 cm. if it is observing light with a wavelength of 500 nm the resolution is about ___ arc sec.
0.04
what is the smallest separation angle resolvable by a 50 cm telescope observing blue light of 500 nm
0.20 arc sec
match each object with the same force that would be needed to accelerate it to 5 m/sec^2
0.750 n - a 0.150 kg baseball 500 n - a 100 kg person 15000 n -a 3000 kg sport utility vehicle 10^31 n - the sun with mass 2 x 10^30 kg
the Lorentz factor is the factor of length contraction or time dilation an object traveling near the speed of light experiences. what would be the approximate value of the Lorentz factor for a car traveling 65 mph on the highway
1
if you observe the planet venus to be 24 above the horizon at sunset, then it is ___ hand widths plus ___ thumb widths above the horizon
1 2
how long is a day on the moon
1 lunar month (the time from full moon to full moon)
The total mass of the Earth's atmosphere is about 5.1 × 1018 kg. If you assume it is entirely made of nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) gas molecules, what is the mass of oxygen gas in the atmosphere? The mass of one molecule of gas is equal to the sum of the masses of each atom (its atomic mass times 1.66 × 10−27 kg) in the molecule. Assume that the atmosphere is composed of 79% oxygen and 21% nitrogen.
1.2*10^18 kg.
if quantity a is directly proportional to quantity b than b increases 10 times a must increase ___ times
10
The Earth's temperature averaged over the year is about 300 Kelvin. At what wavelength does it radiate most strongly? In what part of the electromagnetic spectrum does this wavelength lie? can you see it?
10 infrared wavelength no, humans cannot see it
1 x 10^7 = ___
10 x 10^4 10^7
match the correct number to each description of the sun
100 - the suns diameter is ___ times larger than the earth's 300,000 - the sun's mass is ___ times larger than the earth 4 billion - the suns age is more than ___ years.
match the numerical values describing the milky way galaxy to what they describe
100,000 - the width of the dark in light-year 100s of billions - the number of stars in it 240 million - the period of the sun's orbit, in years 30,00 - the distance of the sun from the center, in light-years 220 - the speed of the sun in its orbit, in km/s
Starship I weighs 2 tons and requires a speed of about 11 km/s to escape from the Earth. The escape velocity from Earth of Starship X that weighs 4 tons is ___
11 km/s
Calculate the escape velocity from the Earth, given that the mass of the Earth is 6.0 ×1024 kg and its radius 6.4 × 106 m. In this problem, round off G to 6.7 × 10−11 m3/kgs2).
11.2 km/s
since the earth turns 360 in 24 hours it turns ___ in 1 hour
15
reducing the separation of two bodies to one-forth its original value will cause the gravitational force between them to become ____ times ____
16 stronger
how long does it take for the dates of eclipses to repeat
18.6 years
Assuming that the mass of the Milky Way Galaxy is 1011 times that of the Sun and that the Sun is 2.45× 1020 meters from its center, what is the Sun's orbital speed around the center of the Galaxy? How long does it take the Sun to orbit the Milky Way? (In this problem, we assume that the Galaxy can be treated as a single body. Strictly speaking, this isn't correct, but the more elaborate math needed to calculate the problem properly ends up giving almost the same answer.)
2.33 x 10^5 3.16× 10^7
Compare the surface gravity of the Earth with the surface gravity of Jupiter and Pluto. If the mass of the Earth is 1.00 then the relative mass of Jupiter is 317.9 and the relative mass of Pluto is 0.0021. If the relative radius of the Earth is 1.00 then the relative radius of Jupiter is 11.21 and the relative radius of Pluto is 0.181.
2.530 0.064
Suppose that a planet was discovered that has 4 times the mass of the Earth, and the same diameter as Earth. Assume that for Earth the escape velocity is 11 km/s. What would be the escape velocity for this planet?
22
You like to wear a sidereal wristwatch. When the star Sirius crosses your meridian today your clock shows the time as 22 hours, 20 minutes. After two months at the same place (city), what time will your watch show when Sirius crosses your meridian?
22 hours, 20 minutes
The duration of the mean solar day is ________.
24 hours
Which of the following is a leap year?
2400
Calculate the escape velocity from the Earth in miles per hour, given that the mass of the Earth is 5.98 x 1024 kg and its radius 6.38 × 106 m. In this problem, round off G to 6.67 × 10−11 m3/(kgs2)
25,100 mph
match the cycles of the Mayan calendar to their descriptions
260 days - religious / astronomical period possible related to Venus 365 days - the year used for example for planting and harvesting 400 years - groups of years for measuring long periods of time 5000 years - a long count cycle that periodically rolls over (it does not end)
for a radioactive particle to last three times as long as you would expect based on its half-life it would need to be traveling about ______
280,000 km/sec
you observe a blue star and measure its temperature to be 10000k at which wavelength of light is it the brightest
290 nanometers
a planet with 9 times the mass and ___ times the radius of earth will have the same surface gravity as earth
3
if your new telescope collects nine times more light then your old one it is ___ times larger in diameter than your old telescope
3
what time will the waning gibbous moon (day 19) be highest in the sky
3 AM
match the escape velocity with the object
3 x 10^5 km/sec - a black hole (at the horizon) 617 km/sec - the sun(at the surface) 42 km/sec - the sun (at the earth's orbit) 11.2 km/sec - the earth (at the surface) 2.4 km/sec - the moon (at the surface)
Calculate the Moon's density. On the basis of your value for the density, what can you say about the amount of iron in the Moon? (The Moon's mass is 7.349 × 1022 kg, and its radius is 1,738 km. The density of iron is 7.9 g/cm3.)
3.342 g/cm3 smaller
Since the Earth and Moon are both rocky spheres, we can make a crude estimate of how much faster the Moon cooled than the Earth. Compute the ratio of the surface area to the volume of the Moon, and compare it to the same ratio for the Earth. (Note: The radii of the Moon and the Earth are 1738 km and 6378 km, respectively.)
3.670
you solve the equation d > 0.02 y/a and calculate the answer d = 300 cm. tis means the telescope diameter must be ____ to achieve the desired resolution
300 cm or larger
You are watching a spaceship moving away from you at 100 km/s. The light coming from it will appear to move at a speed of ________. The speed of light is 300,000 km/s.
300,000 km/sec
The half-life of carbon 14, which is commonly used to date organic materials, is 5,700 years. What is the approximate age of a sample in which 0.78% of the original carbon 14 is left?
39,900
you apply a 12 n force to a 3 kg mass, the acceleration it produces is ___ m/s^2
4
how much more light will a 10 meter telescope collect than a 5 meter telescope
4 times as much
the actual length of a year is very close to 365.25 days as result we need a leap year once every ___
4 years
the nearest star to Earth I about 4 light-years away. the spread of light is 300,000 km/sec , if the Sun had a massive solar flare today, allen astronomers on the planet orbiting that star would observe it ______
4 years from now
Two spaceships are ready to lift-off from the surface of Mercury. Spaceship I requires a speed of 4.3 km/s to escape from Mercury. Spaceship II is twice as heavy as spaceship I. How much speed is required for spaceship II to escape from Mercury?
4.3 km/s
according to the ages of ricks from the earth moon and meteorites the solar system formed approximately ___ years ago
4.5 billion
Aldebaran is a bright red star. Assuming that the star's color is the result of blackbody radiation, we conclude that the star's surface temperature is approximately ___
4000 K
you are riding in a vehicle moving at 50 mph if you throw a baseball backward at 10mph then at what speed does you friend outside the vehicle see the baseball traveling
40mph
The surface temperature of Venus is about 900 degrees Fahrenheit. Express this temperature in degrees Celsius and in Kelvin.
482 C ; 755 K
to record a visible image of a dim galaxy in the shortest time, which of the following telescopes would be the best choice
5.0 meter reflector on earth's surface
rank these telescopes according to their ability to collect light from best to worst
5.0 meter reflector on earth's surface 3.5 meter reflector in orbit 2.5 meter reflector on a mountaintop 1.5 meter refractor on a mountaintop 0.75 meter refractor on earth's surface
if it is 6 pm in the us central time zone what time is it in india
530 am
Compare the light-gathering power of a telescope with a 12−centimeter diameter mirror to that of the human eye. Round the final answer to 2 significant digits.(Take the diameter of the pupil of the eye to be about 5 millimeters.)
580 times greater
The photographs in the figure above were taken at high tide and the next low tide. About how much time elapsed between the pictures?
6 hours
which atom described below is electrically neutral
6 protons , 5 neutrons, 6 electrons
Jupiter has an atmosphere while Mercury does not. Their escape velocities help to explain why. Given that M(Mercury) = 3.30 × 1023 kg, R(Mercury) = 2,440 km, M(Jupiter) = 1.90 × 1027 kg, and R(Jupiter) = 71,492 km, calculate the escape velocities of Mercury and Jupiter.
60 4??? more
Calculate the escape velocity from the Sun, given that its mass is 2.0 × 1030 kg and its radius is 7.0 × 108 meters.
620 km/s
in the diagram of the visual spectrum you would need to place a detector at position number ___ to detect infrared and at position number ___ to detect ultraviolet light
7 1
the sun contains more than ____ the mass of all the other bodies in the solar system combined . choose the largest answer that is true
700 times
Compare the light-gathering power of a telescope with a 14−centimeter diameter mirror to that of the human eye. Round the final answer to 2 significant digits.(Take the diameter of the pupil of the eye to be about 5 millimeters.)
780 times greater (70/2.5)^2 = 780
Calculate the Doppler shift for red light (wavelength of 650 nanometers) reflected off a sports car traveling away from you at 140 km/hr. What is Δλ? What is the wavelength you see? Could we see the shift in color with our eyes?
8.4 x 10^ -5 =650 still look the same color red
Studies of the South American and African plates indicate that for tens of millions of years they have spread apart at a roughly constant rate of approximately 4.0 centimeters per year. How many kilometers farther apart are the two continents now than they were 80.0 million years ago? How does this compare to 6.0 × 102 kilometers, approximately the distance between some matching parts of the South American and African coastlines?
80.0 × 106 yr× 4.0 cm/yr = 3.2 × 108 cm = 3,200 km. This is about half the current distance between some parts of Africa and South America
you are riding in a vehicle moving at 50mph if you throw a baseball forward at 30 mph then at what speed does your friend outside the vehicle see the baseball traveling
80mph
astronomers primarily use constellations as a way to divide the sky into easily identified regions, to day, there are ____ constellations, many of which date to ancient times
88
in total, there are ___ recognized constellations
88
A star rises tonight at 10 PM About what time will this star rise two weeks from today?
9 pm
the image is a color spectrum. using measurements of the dark lines, astronomers could determine that ____
90% of the atoms in the sun are hydrogen
Which of the following demonstrate the property of inertia? Select all that apply
A car skidding on a slippery road The oil tanker Exxon Valdez running aground A brick sitting on a tabletop Whipping a tablecloth out from under the dishes set on a table
Which of the following changes would you expect to observe if the Moon was orbiting on the ecliptic?
A lunar eclipse every full Moon A solar eclipse every new Moon
During a solar eclipse on Earth an astronomer stationed on the near side of the Moon would observe: (Hint: Is a solar eclipse visible from all parts of the Earth?)
A small shadow covering part of the Earth's disk
Which of the following features of the Solar System does the solar nebula theory explain
All of the above
What is the composition of regolith?
Anorthosite fragments in the highlands and basalt fragments in maria
match the ancient greek astronomers with their famous work
Aristarchus - estimated the size and distance of the sun and moon Aristotle - argued that the earth was spherical in shape Eratosthenes - calculated the size of the earth
What led astronomers to examine whether planets "migrate" within their solar system?
Astronomers discovered ice and gas giants orbiting near their sun
if star a is moving at a radial velocity of +600 km/sec and star b is moving +100 km/sec then how is the charge in y from a different than for b
Ay for a is 6 times bigger than for b
Why do astronomers interpret the lack of impact cratering as evidence of a younger terrain?
Because at the present rate of impacts, a newly formed surface (e.g., a lava outflow) will not suffer many hits
How do we know that the Moon causes ocean tides?
Because the Moon-rise and the tide pattern repeat 50 minutes later every day
How do we know that the Sun contains hydrogen?
Because the Sun's spectrum contains absorption lines that match the spectrum oh hydrogen
The altitude of Hubble's orbit is about 569 km above the surface of the Earth. Calculate the circumference of the orbit, the orbital velocity, and the period of the orbit. How does this period affect observations? (Note: The Earth's radius is 6378 km and its mass is 5.974 × 1024 kg. Round your answers to the nearest integer.)
C = 43650 V = 7575 P = 96.04 45 minutes
Which of the following is the most commonly used detector system in modern astronomy?
CCDs
When the electron in the hydrogen atom absorbs a certain amount of energy it moves to a higher energy state. The electron could move back to its original state by emitting the same amount of energy. The amounts of energy absorbed and emitted are equal as a result of:_____
Conservation of energy
Which of the following are possible explanations for the high temperature of the Earth's core?
Decay of radioactive materials at the Earth's interior Material accumulated to form the Earth and its release of gravitational potential energy
Which of the following quantities is most crucial in terms of the quality of a telescope?
Diameter of mirror/lens
the ___ shift is a charge in the wavelength of light coming from an object because the object is moving
Doppler
match the exoplanet detection method to the description
Doppler shift - we measure changes in the wavelength of the star's light due to its velocity in response to the planet transit - we measure a decrease in the brightness of a star's light when a planet passes in front of the star proper motion - we take images measure the star's position to find the wobble the curved path of the star from its response to the planet's gravity gravitational lensing - as a planet and star pass in front of a background star we measure the increase in brightness of the background star
Which of the following statements is true?
During equinox, day and night are equal on the entire Earth
We know that the Moon's orbit is not on the ecliptic because:
Eclipses do not occur every lunar month
Which of the following spectra will result from a hot tenuous gas?
Emission lines characteristic of the atoms/molecules in the gas
two asteroids, R and S, orbit each other R is 10 times more massive than S. arrange the steps to show that the acceleration of the less massive body is larger (than S orbits R that R orbits S)
F .... g ................................. g ............. therefore a.....
match each equation with the correct term
GM/R^2 - surface gravity (g) square root of 2GM/R - escape velocity ( V_) dV^2/G - mass found from the modified version of kepler's third law
The Earth's equatorial diameter is slightly larger than the diameter through the poles. The difference in diameters causes which of the following:
Gravity to be stronger in the poles
Use the principle of the Coriolis effect to predict what will happen to the air that flows away from a "high-pressure system" in the Northern Hemisphere. Select the diagram that predicts the circulation of air around the system.
H is arrows pointing turning right and outward
Seismic waves are partly reflected when they cross a boundary such as that between the mantle and the liquid core. Suppose that a P wave has a constant velocity of 8.0 km/sec. Suppose further that 7.0 × 102 seconds (about 12 minutes) after an earthquake near the surface, a seismometer detects a reflected P wave. How far below the surface is the liquid core-mantle boundary? Compare your answer to the distance in the figure below
If the seismic wave takes 7.0 × 102 seconds to travel down to the boundary and bounce back, the travel time to the boundary is half of 7.0 × 102 seconds, or 3.5 × 102 seconds. The distance to the boundary is found using d = Vt. Thus, d = (8 km/second) ×3.5× 102 seconds = 2,800 km. <----------ANSWER The figure shows that the liquid core-mantle boundary is 6357 km − 3500 km = 2857 km below the surface, in good agreement with our answer.
Which of the following is true about the Earth's magnetic field
It protects the Earth from energetic particles emitted by the Sun. The polarity of the Earth's magnetic field changes and probably reverses every 250,000 years. It is due to the combined effect of the Earth's rotation and convection currents in the molten core. The interaction of the magnetic field's charged particles from the Sun creates the aurora
What is the probable origin of the Caloris Basin?
It was formed by a large impact.
The oxygen gas in the Earth's atmosphere is a result of what?
It was produced by photosynthesis ????what else
Star X has a surface temperature of 6,000 K, and appears yellow. Star Y appears WHITE. What can we conclude about Star Y?
Its surface temperature is higher than 6,000 K
The Northern Lights (red, green and blue colors observed in the night sky) are an example of:
Line emission spectrum from atmospheric gases
the amount by which matter contracts when moving is called ____ factor
Lorentz
What conclusive proof do we have that the Moon has essentially zero magnetic field?
Magnetic field measurements taken by the Apollo astronauts
match the planets to their approximate distance from the Sun
Mercury - 0.4AU Venus - 0.7AU Earth - 1.0 AU Mars - 1.5 AU Jupiter - 5.2 AU Saturn - 9.5 AU Uranus - 1 9 AU Neptune - 30 AU
Which of the following statements best describes Mercury's atmosphere?
Mercury has essentially no atmosphere.
Which of the following lists the planets in increasing order of their distance from the Sun?
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
Which of the following objects are primarily rocky with iron cores?
Mercury, Venus, and Earth
Which of the following lists the photons in increasing order of energy?
Microwave, Infrared, Visible light, Ultraviolet, X-rays
Large reflector telescopes have the following significant advantages over large refractors:
Mirrors weigh less than lenses of the same diameter. Mirrors are less expensive to fabricate than lenses.
What evidence supports the hypothesis that Venus may have active volcanoes?
NOT ALL THREE Some of the lava flows appear very fresh. Photographs taken by the Magellan spacecraft show volcanic eruptions. There is electrical discharge activity around the volcanic peaks.
////Compared to Earth, the seasons on Mars are more extreme. Which of the following explains the large seasonal variation on Mars?
NOT ALL THREE Mars has a thinner atmosphere than the Earth. Mars has larger axial tilt than the Earth. Mars' atmosphere contains carbon dioxide, which prevents heat from escaping
Venus appears very bright because:
NOT BOTH venus is hot and emits large amount of radiation venus is covered by a thick layer of clouds
Compared to the other terrestrial planets, Mercury is rich in iron compounds. Which of the following are probable explanations for the iron abundance on Mercury?
NOT BOTH Iron compounds condensed more readily than silicates in the inner parts of the solar nebula. Mercury's magnetic field attracted the iron NOT ALL THREE Iron compounds condensed more readily than silicates in the inner parts of the solar nebula. Part of the silicate mantle of Mercury was blasted off by a planetesimal that impacted Mercury. Mercury's magnetic field attracted the iron
How did astronomers determine the mass of Mercury?
NOT From its density and volume
What is the origin of the Earth's atmosphere?
NOT Gases gravitationally attracted by the forming Earth
In what way does the surface of Mercury differ from the Moon's surface?
NOT TOGETHER Mercury's surface has more volcanoes. Mercury's surface is not cratered.
Planetary migration may help explain which previously puzzling observations and calculations
NOT a new AND astronomers
Which of the following statements apply to a truck that is moving up a steep, straight hill at a constant speed of 10 km/hour. Select all that apply.
NOT the truck obeys AND no not force NOT the truck is not accelerating NOT the truck obeys newton's 2nd law
the planet ___ was discovered because it ___ force caused irregularities in the orbit of the planet ___
Neptune gravitational uranus
Given that M(Neptune) = 1.02 × 1026 kg, R(Neptune) = 4764 km, M(Mars) = 6.42 × 1023 kg, and R(Mars) = 3396 km, calculate their escape velocities, using Vesc = [2GM R ]1/2. Compare both with that of the Earth (11 × 103 m/s). What is different about the atmospheres of these three planets? (Note: Be sure to convert kilometers to meters or the appropriate unit, and express your calculation results to three significant figures.)
Neptune = 2.34 * 10^4 mars = 5.02 * 10^3 mars neptune
What evidence indicates that part of the Earth's interior is liquid?
No S-type seismic waves are detectable at some locations after an earthquake.
the idea that scientific models must be as simple as possible and still explain what is known about a phenomenon is called ___ .
Ockham's razor
At what location would a pendulum's direction appear to change the most over a day?
On the ice at the North Pole.
The nucleus of the hydrogen atom consists of ____
One proton
match the terms to their definitions
Polaris - the current north star vega - a future north star precession - the motion of a spinning object's axis in response to forces on the object rotation - the spinning of an object axial tilt - the angle between the earth's rotation axis and its orbital plane
Which of the following are caused by plate tectonics?
Rifting Subduction zones Most earthquakes
What is the origin of regolith?
Rock crushed by impacts
Star X has a surface temperature of 6,000 K, and appears yellow. Star Y appears RED. What can we conclude about Star Y?
Star Y surface temperature is lower than 6,000 K.
Rays appear to radiate from some of the lunar craters. What is the origin of these rays?
Streaks of pulverized rock
Telescope X can resolve two stars that are separated by no more than 2 seconds of arc. If telescope Y can resolve two stars that are separated by 1 second of arc, then (at the same wavelength) compared to telescope X:
Telescope Y has at most twice the resolving power.
Which of the following demonstrates that the Earth spins around an axis?
The Coriolis Effect
Why does the length of the solar day vary?
The Earth follows an elliptical path around the Sun. When the Earth is moving rapidly in its orbit, it takes a little longer for the Sun to reach the meridian. When the Earth is moving slowly in its orbit, it takes a little less time for the Sun to reach the meridian. The Earth's axis is tilted. ****All of these choices are correct.
The Moon's average density is about 3 g/cm3, while the Earth is about 5 g/cm3. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from this comparison?
The Earth has more iron and nickel
What is the main reason that at a given location on Earth, the number of daylight hours changes over the year?
The Earth's axis is tilted.
The average density of the Earth is about 5.5 g/cm3, yet most of the rocks on the Earth's surface are about 3 g/cm3. What could we conclude from this comparison?
The Earth's interior must have material with density higher than 5.5 g/cm3.
Which of the following is the most significant advantage of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) compared to the 4−meter reflectors at the Kitt Peak observatory?
The HST is not affected by atmospheric scintillation.
Which of the following facts supports the hypothesis that the surface features of the Moon did not change substantially over the past 3 billion years?
The Moon does not have an atmosphere
Which of the following facts could result from the Moon's slow rotation and the lack of a substantial iron core?
The Moon has essentially no magnetic field.
Which of the following scenarios should we expect as the result of tidal braking?
The Moon will be visible from one side of the Earth only.
The absence of plate tectonic motion on the Moon can be explained by the fact that:
The Moon's interior is cooler that the Earth's and, therefore, there is no heat to create convective motion
Assuming that the Earth and the Moon formed at the same time, what conclusions can be drawn regarding the present temperature of their cores?
The Moon, being smaller, has a cooler interior because smaller objects cool off faster than larger objects.
Which of the following properties of seismic waves allow scientists to derive information about the Earth's interior?
The S waves can propagate only through solids The speed of the seismic waves through a material depends on the nature of the material.
The gravitational pull of the Sun on the Earth is approximately 200 times stronger than the pull from the Moon. Yet the Sun's effect on the ocean tides is about one half of the Moon's. How could we explain this apparent contradiction?
The Sun's differential gravitational pull is smaller than the differential gravitational pull from the Moon.
A rocket blasts propellant out of its thrusters and "lifts off," heading into space. What provided the force to lift the rocket?
The action of the propellant accelerating down, giving a reaction force to the rocket.
If an astronaut is on the far side of the Moon, which would occur?
The astronaut would not be able to see the Earth.
Why is the surface temperature of Venus hotter than that of Mercury?
The carbon dioxide in Venus' atmosphere prevents the heat from escaping
What is the mechanism that produces the Earth's magnetic field?
The combination of the Earth's rotation and convection currents in the Earth's molten core
What would explain the fact that maria are uncommon on the far side of the Moon?
The crust on the far side is thicker than the near side; therefore, molten rock could not break through.
Kepler data shows that many exoplanets have masses much larger than that of Jupiter, and yet their radii are fairly similar. How can this happen?
The density of these planets increases with mass.
What causes the hot, inner part of the Earth's core to be solid and not liquid
The extreme pressure at the inner core causes the atoms to hold in place together and form a solid.
Venus is spinning slower than Mercury, yet the solar day on Mercury is longer than the solar day on Venus. What is the explanation to this apparent contradiction?
The fact that Venus' spin is retrograde.
A successful theory of the solar system must be able to primarily explain:
The fact that the planetary orbits lie approximately in the same plane
The mass of Mercury was determined by:
The gravitational attraction exerted by Mercury on a spacecraft.
What causes precession?
The gravitational interaction of the Sun and of the Moon with the equatorial bulge of the Earth
Which of the following explains the fact that the Jovian planets have overwhelmingly more hydrogen and helium than the terrestrial planets?
The higher temperatures near the center of the solar nebula prevented the condensation of hydrogen and helium in the inner part of the disk.
Astronomers attribute the lack of atmosphere on the Moon to:
The low gravitational force of the Moon, which is too weak to keep gases from escaping and the absence of volcanic activity
Why do astronomers believe that the lunar maria are younger than the highlands?
The maria have fewer craters
Which of the following statements is true about a hockey puck moving on ice in a straight line at constant speed?
The net force on the puck is zero.
The surface temperature on Mercury's equator shows extreme variation between day and night. This extreme variation results from:
The proximity to the Sun and the lack of atmosphere
What is the probable origin of the scarps on Mercury's surface?
The scarps formed as the planet cooled and the surface shrunk.
Which of the following observations is consistent with the hypothesis that the Moon was created by collision?
The similarities of the Moon's compositions with the Earth's crust AND???
Which of the following statements best describes the surface of Venus?
The surface is covered by lava flows.
Astronomers claim that the features on the Moon's surface are older that those observed on Earth because:
The surface of the Earth is subject to water and wind erosion, which do not occur on the Moon.
Which of the following statements is not correct?
The time between successive sunrises is exactly 24 hours.
Suppose you were examining a pulsing radio signal from a stellar remnant in a distant part of the Milky Way. Knowing that ionized gas in interstellar space causes dispersion of radio waves, what effect would you expect this to have on the signal?
The time when the pulses arrived would be different for different wavelengths
Which of the following result from the Coriolis Effect?
The trade winds The Gulf Stream. The majority of the large scale weather patterns and ocean currents The jet streams in the atmosphere.
Which kind of light travels fastest?
They all travel at the same speed
Which of the following is true of the terrestrial planets?
They are composed of rock. They are small compared to Jovian planets. They have solid surfaces. They have fewer satellites than the Jovian planets.
Which of the following is true of the Jovian planets?
They are much larger than the terrestrial planets. They have more hydrogen and helium than the terrestrial planets. They have more satellites than the terrestrial planets. They have thick atmospheres
The major advantage of space-based telescopes is:
They are not affected by atmospheric scintillation
What is the probable origin of some mountain chains observed near the lunar maria?
They were formed by material that was pushed up by the impact that created the maria
____________ is the time kept in the zone containing the longitude zero
Universal Standard Time
Which of the following is true of Venus?
Venus spins slowly compared to the Earth.
The study of extra-solar planetary systems provides a good comparison to test the nebular hypothesis. Which of the following statements is a critical issue resulting from such a comparison?
Very massive planets can form very near the star of extra-solar systems. The orbits of extra-solar planets can be very elliptical, suggesting that planets may migrate.
match the day of the week with the planets and words they are derived from
Wednesday - mercury ; woden (Germanic god) Tuesday or Mardi (French) or Martes (Spanish) - mars;' mars (roman god of war) thrusday or Jueves (Spanish) - Jupiter; Jove (roman) or Thor (Germanic) Saturday - Saturn; Saturn (roman god)
Which of the following statements correctly describes white light?
White light is a mixture of all visible wavelengths.
Which of the following telescopes would not be suitable for ground-based observations?
X-ray telescope Ultraviolet telescope
Which of the following lists electromagnetic waves in increasing order of wavelength?
X-rays, Ultraviolet, Visible light, Infrared, Radio Waves
The high water in the English channel advances from West to East. Is this high water resulting from the Moon's tidal effect?
Yes, it is due to the tidal force of the Moon, but in this case the coastal topography affects the direction
which spectrum is from an object emitting the largest number of red photons
a
you observe a planet orbiting around a star. at which of the labeled positions do you see a radial velocity
a c
identify the parts of the celestial sphere
a - north celestial pole/ the star Polaris b - the celestial equator c - the line dividing what you can see from what you can't (your horizon) d - a circumpolar star's path e - the path of star that rises and sets
identify the parts of the celestial sphere
a - north celestial pole/the star Polaris b - the celestial equator c - a line dividing what you can see from what you cant (your horizon) d - a circumpolar star's path e - the path of a star that rises and sets
match the types of material displacement with the type of wave the waves are traveling to the right along the spring
a - p wave b - s wave
three observers at different positions observe a star moving in the direction of the arrow. match their positions with the color of Doppler shift they will observe
a - redshift b - no shift c - blue shift
match the telescope type to its diagram
a - refractor b - reflector
match the planetary configuration names to the planet's location relative to earth
a - superior conjunction b - greatest elongation c - inferior conjunction d - opposition
match the reflecting telescope deign to where the focus is placed
a - to the side of the light path (Newtonian) b - behind the mirror (cassegrain) c - in front of the mirror (prime focus)
the same force is applied to all the objects. arrange them according to how much acceleration they experience, from the most (top) to the least (bottom)
a Ping-Pong ball a tennis ball a bowling ball a golf cart
the kelvin temperature scale is used in virtually every physical science because in this scale ___
a bod's temperature is directly related to its energy content
select all that represent an object undergoing an acceleration
a car turning a corner at 88 km/hr a ball falling off a table a car breaking to a stop
which is the best description of a rille
a channel
how is electromagnetic radiation able to travel through empty space
a disturbance in an electric field creates a disturbance in a magnetic field, which creates the next electric disturbance
a planet's orbit around the sun is a curved path. this implies that____
a force acts on the planet
If an object moves along a curved path at a constant speed, you can infer that (Select all that apply)
a force is acting on it it is accelerating
put the steps for the beginning of the formation of the solar system In order form the first to the last
a gas cloud begins to contract from its own gravity the gas cloud flattens and spins faster becoming the solar nebula the sun begins to form heating the solar nebula temperatures reach hundreds of kelvins in the inner disk and only tens of kelvins in the outer disk
match each effect with a cause
a hole in the ozone layer appears annually over Antarctica - pollutants reach the polar stratospheric clouds and break up ozone molecules the global temperature has increased by about 1 C since 1880 - there is 20% more carbon dioxide in the air than in 1880 the ozone hole has been getting smaller since about 2001 - atmospheric pollutants in consumer products have been banned it's warmer on cloudy nights - water vapor is a greenhouse gas
arrange these items by density from lowest to highest
a hot-air balloon an acorn a water balloon a slab of concrete a gold wedding ring
why does atomic hydrogen have a relatively simple emission spectrum, whereas hydrogen gas has a more complex spectrum
a hydrogen molecule than emit photons based on electron energy level as well as line associated with vibration and rotation
The twin paradox is
a hypothetical situation that seemingly presents a paradox but is actually resolved by a clearer understanding of the situation
rank the following objects by how much inertia they have, from least (top) to most (bottom)
a leaf falling from a tree a care driving on the highway a house the moon orbiting earth the sun
which statement best describes magnets and magnetic fields
a magnet always has a north pole and south pole
Apollo mission results show that moon and earth rocks have differences for example the lack of low melting point medals in moon rocks the density and structure suggest the moon has less iron that earth what do these suggest is a likely model of the moon's formation
a mars-sized object hit the earth after the earth differentiated splattering low-density mantle and crust material into orbit to form the moon
rank the exoplanets from the easiest (top) to the hardest (bottom) to detect using the Doppler method
a massive jovian planet close to its star with its orbit edgewise to the earth a dense super-earth, close to the star with its orbit edgewise to the earth a massive jovian planet moderately far from the star and in an orbit at 45 to the direction to the earth an earth-mass planet in an orbit perpendicular to the direction to the earth
in the context of planetary science "rock" is ___
a mixture of silicon oxygen and other heavy elements
over time the earth's rotation has slowed the earth is spinning a little more slowly today that in the past. therefore we can logically conclude ___
a person on the equator is moving a little more slowly to day than they would have in the past the earth's equator bulges slightly less today than in the past
Newton's work added ___ Kepler's laws
a physical reason for
Ptolemy's model uses epicycles to explain ___
a planet's retrograde motion
select all the instruments that can be used to spread light out onto its component colors ( a spectrum)
a prism a grating
____ occurs when two tectonic plates pull apart and mantle rock rises up into the gap to form new crust. this often happens in the middle of the oceans
a rift valley rifting
to maintain a large telescope's primary mirror shape as it is pointed in different directions _____
a segmented mirror is used
wavelengths in the radio portion of the electromagnetic spectrum are comparable in size to which of the following objects
a soccer ball a soccer field the width of a blade of grass the referee's whistle
select all the objects that would be pulled into a spherical shape by gravity if found out in space
a solar system sixed cloud of gas a house-sized pool of water
what is the main difference between a theory and a hypothesis
a theory has an exhaustive number of tests that have been successful
select all the evidence-based reasons the ancient Greeks had for thinking that the earth is round
a traveler who moves south will see different stars than one who stays up north the shadow of the earth on the moon is round
each kind of atom has ___
a unique number of protons in the nucleus a different set of energy levels from any other kind of atom
how much of the mass of the solar system Is in the planets, asteroids and comets
a very small fraction of it
a light-year is ___.
a way to describe large distances the distance light travels in one year about 10 trillion km
match each equation with the appropriate law
a^2 = p^2 - kepler's third law f = m x a - newton's second law fa = g m x m / d ^2 - newton's universal law of gravity faininityb = f bininitya - newton's third law
compared to the kulper belt, the oort cloud is ___
about 2000 times farther from the sun more nearly spherical colder
near the surface of the earth g = 9.8 m/s at a height of 6400 km above the earth's surface (one earth radius) the acceleration of gravity would be
about one-quarter as much
if an atom has an electron in the ground state, it may ___ a photon with exactly enough energy to move the electron up to a higher lever. when this happens the atom is in an ___ state
absorb excited
the diagram shows electron orbitals for an atom. arrow a shows what happens when an atom ___ light. arrow b shows what happens when an atom ___ light.
absorbs emits
if you observe light from the extremely hot surface of a star after if passes through the less hot atmosphere of the star then you will see an ___ spectrum
absorption
the picture shows what kind of spectrum (rainbow chart)
absorption-line
match the terms and definitions
acceleration - a change in speed, direction, or both velocity - the speed and direction of an object mass - the amount of matter in an object force - something that causes a change in speed, direction, or both
the julian calendar has a leap year every 4 years, the Gregorian system used today removes the leap years from century years that are not divisible by 400 because ____
adding a leap year every 4 years adds a little too much time
Lunisolar calendar's such as the Chinese and jewish calendars, make up for the fact that there is not an even number of moon phase cycles in the earth orbital period by ___
adding a thirteenth month to the year every few years
To use ground based optical telescopes to their theoretical specifications, astronomers must use
adjustable mirrors that can adapt to correct for the atmosphere
Which of the following apples is accelerating the most?
all accelerate at the same rate
Which of the following statements about celestial coordinates is correct?
all of these choices are correct
arrange the components by how much of the maternal in the universe they represent, with the largest fraction at the bottom
all the matter in planets all the matter in galaxies dark matter dark energy
Einstein's theory of special relativity predicted that in addition to appearing to contract in length an object traveling close to the speed of light would ____
also appear to experience a stretching of time
the way galaxies are distributed in the universe might best be described as ___.
alternating regions of relatively empty space and clumps of galaxies
astronomers measure how far above the horizon a star is (a) as it s ___ and measure its east-west position relative to true north (b) as it ___
altitude azimuth
the speed of light in a material is ___ than the speed of light in a vacuum
always less
lines representing a magnetic field ____
always run from one pole to the other (e.g. north to south)
match the abbreviations to their meaning
am - ante meridian meaning before the sun crosses the meridian pm - post meridian meaning after the sun crosses the meridian at noon bc - before Christ ad - anno domini or in the year of the lord bce - before common era ce - common era the current calendar
select all the substances that are considered an "ice" when in a solid state in the solar system
ammonia methane water
what is a constellation
an area of the sky for conveniently locating objects a group of stars that from a fixed pattern in the sky
an easily recognizable group of stars that seems to make a pattern of figure is called
an asterism
which is the best explanation for the formation event shown in the picture of a region on the moon
an asteroid or planetesimal hit the young moon cracking the surface and allowed molten rock from the interior to flow up and create a mare
this image shows an example of ___
an interstellar cloud
Which of the following provides significant information about the composition of the Earth's interior?
analysis of the earth's density study of the seismic waves
A star's altitude is its...
angle above the horizon
to find the radius of a planet without leaving earth we can measure the ___ and ____
angular size of the planet distance to the planet from earth
am means ____ ____ referring to the first half of the sun's path across the sky each day
ante meridian
select the choices that describe information an astronomer might include in a proposal to use a telescope
any explanation of what scientific results will be obtained analysis of previous research on the target object an argument why the observation is useful information about the specific cameras to be used
earth's magnetic poles and rotational poles ___
are separated by a few degrees, and the magnetic poles slowly wander
magnetic lines of force ___
are widely spaced where the magnetic field is weak are imaginary lines used to depict the shape and strength of a magnetic field show the direction that compass needs would point
select all of the following constilations that are considered part of the zodiac
aries Sagittarius virgo
what ancient greek scientist was the first to use scientific observations to argue that the earth is round
aristotle
match the arrows showing an electron moving between orbitals in the correct descriptions
arrow A - atom gains energy similar to stretching a spring arrow B - atom emits energy similar to releasing a spring
select a cases that correctly describe orbiting objects
as a result of newton's second and third laws the smaller body moves more when one object is very massive compared to the other object, the center of the balance pint of the orbit can be inside the massive object two equally massive bodies orbit each other equally
what explains why nothing can move faster than the speed of light in Einstein's theory of special relativity
as things move faster, their mass increases, so if they moved at the speed of light, the mass would be infinite
select all the properties that characterize the gravitational force
associated with mass attractive long range
____ is an ancient belief system that holds that the positions and patterns of celestial objects influence events on earth ___ is a system of knowledge that attempts to explain the nature of celestial objects using the scientific method
astrology astronomy
the average distance between the earth and the sun is defined as a ____ ____.
astronomical unit
The Earth's shape is somewhat flattened, so that the diameter through the poles is shorter than the diameter of the equator. Where would you weigh more?
at the poles
match the terms about matter to their descriptions.
atom - basic building block of matter protons - positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom neutrons - electrically neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom electrons - negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus
match the terms with their definitions
atomic number - number of protons in nucleus electron - small negatively charged particle orbiting nucleus proton - positively charged particle in nucleus ground state - smallest possible orbit of an electron
select the two answers to complete this sentence ; electrons have ___ electric charge and ____ the nucleus in an atom
attracted to negative
select all the properties that can characterize the electromagnetic force
attractive repulsive long range holds electrons in orbits
in the twin paradox it seems as though the astronaut twin and the earth twin should each age slowly from the other's point of view why does this no happen
because the astronaut twin experiences acceleration in her spacecraft, the two situations are not symmetric
why do you need to observe venus more often than you would Jupiter or Saturn in order to study its motion with respect to stars
because venus moves much faster than the outer planets
match the scientific and technical advances with the discoveries they helped make
bigger telescopes - nature of nebulae study of heat - power source of stars photography - permanent records of observations
a formula that relatively accurately predicts the orbital distances of the first eight major bodies in the solar system and then somewhat predicts the next several is known as _____'s rule
bode
If the Moon did not rotate on its own axis, we would observe
both sides of the Moon.
which spectrum is from objects that would look the reddest
c
use the image to match the expressions and descriptions
c - the average force of the moon on the earth b-c - the strength of the tidal force in the near bulge a - the strength of the moon's gravity at the point on the earth b - the strength of the moon's gravity in the near bulge
Why is it important to increase your camera's exposure time when taking astronomy pictures?
cameras receive very little light from the astronomical sources and so a longer exposure time allows for more light to be collected
ultraviolet radiation from the sun _____
can cause sunburns and other tissue damage can destroy living organisms
the hypotheses for the formation of the moon make different predictions about the moon's chemical composition. select all that are disproven by the fact that the moon has a composition similar, but not identical to the earth's.
capture hypothesis twin formation hypothesis fission hypothesis
the image shows an electronic detector called a ____ that is the bases of most digital cameras
ccd
rank the choices form the most efficient to least efficient method of collecting light
ccd photographic film human eye
what causes an aurara
changed particles from the sun interact with our magnetic field exciting ions in the earth's atmosphere witch then emit light
Copernicus's model could not predict planetary positions much more accurately than Ptolemy's model because Copernicus used ___ orbits in his model, something kepler later corrected.
circular
the coriolis effect drives many processes in the earth's oceans and atmosphere including ___
circulation of ocean currents the jet stream a high altitude current of air trade winds that flow in earth's equatorial regions hurricanes
to display data collected by a radio telescope, specific visible _____ are assigned to represent the original intensity range of the data in an image
colors
select the mechanisms that we think were created the atmospheres of the terrestrial planets
comets and icy planetesimals hit the planets after they formed volcanoes outgassed materials such as water and carbon dioxide previously trapped in rock
an equatorial telescope mount, as shown in the picture, ___
compensates for earth's rotation
arrange the steps to model the formation of planets
condensed materials form planetesimals planetesimals begin to migrate orbit and move around through the solar system planetesimals collide and some stick together protoplanets' orbits gradually become circular planetesimals continue to collide with prooplanets melting them planetary interiors differentiate and atmospheres form
In which of the following configurations will an outer planet be farthest from the Earth?
conjunction
match the examples to the categories
constellation - Hercules, aquarius asterism - the big dipper, the summer triangle star - deneb, vega pole star - polaris
a(n) ___ is a grouping of stars that represents a story or symbol of consequence to a culture and can be handy for locating objects on the celestial sphere
constetation
match each type of spectrum with its correct description
continuous - all colors are present; formed by dense materials emission-line - only specific colors are present; formed by hot thin gases absorption-line - almost all colors are present but specific colors are dim or missing; formed by cooler gases
match each type of spectrum with the kind of object that emits it
continuous - filament of an incandescent light bulb emission-line - hot tenuous interstellar gas cloud absorption-line - cooler gas cloud in front of a much hotter object
When an object moves at speeds that are close to that of light, its length _________.
contracts
the circulation of material shown in the image is best described as _____
convection
to add or subtract numbers in scientific notation, first ___.
convert both numbers to the same power of ten
in convection, why does cooler and material sink
cooler material is more dense than hotter material allowing it to sink
match the layers of the moon's internal structure to their correct descriptions
core - partially molten iron slightly off center mantle - widest internal region contains lots of olivine crust - where regolith is found rich is aluminum
match the parts of the eye with the analogous parts of the telescope or digital camera
cornea - lens pupil - aperture retina - focal plane receptors (rods and cones - ccd pixels
renaissance scientists considered Copernicus's model more powerful than Ptolemy's because if ___
could be used to estimate the relative sizes of the orbits of planets required fewer special conditions, such as the alignment of venus's and mercury's spheres in Ptolemy's model
as viewed from earth, how do the stars appear to move relative to the north celestial pole
counterclockwise around the pole
select all the features that are found on the earth's moon
craters highlands maria
select all the lunar features thought to form as a direct or indirect result of impacts
craters maria lunar rays
put the layers of earth in order form the exterior to the interior
crust mantle liquid core solid core
select all the choices that are true of the interiors of the moon and the earth
crusts composed of silicate rocks a crust/mantle/core structure
bodies retain heat as a function of the ratio of surface area to volume; the smaller the ratio the slower heat is lost. assuming the planets shown are terrestrial bodies that formed in the usual way rank them from the one with the hottest core to the coolest core
d b c a
match the earth's layers to the labels
d - solid core c - liquid outer core b - mantle a - crust
traveling upward form the earth's surface through the layers of atmosphere the temperature ___ through the troposphere than ___ though the the stratosphere
decreases increases
select all that are reasons there is ice on the moon
deep crater bottoms are shielded form sunlight, so it never gets hot enough to melt ice there comets have struck the moon, vaporizing and depositing water
select all that are reasons there is ice on the moon
deep crater bottoms are shielded from sunlight, so it never gets hot enough to melt ice there comets have struck the moon vaporizing and depositing water
earth's atmosphere is a concern to astronomers because it ____ the image in a telescope
degrades
match the information about earth's interior with the observations to determine it
dense core - earth's average density is 5.5 g/cm but the density of the surface rocks is about 3 g/cm iron in core - iron is common in the crust and has a density of 7.9 g/cm liquid layer present - s waves don't reach every part of earth's surface density increases with depth - seismic waves travel through the earth varies
a telescope with a higher ratio of aperture diameter to observed wavelength of light would _____
detect finer detail in objects
the size of a telescope's ____ determines its light-gathering power
diameter
you see and ad for a 200 mm telescope that you'd like to but. 200 mm is the telescope's
diameter
the difference between the strong gravitational attraction by the moon on the earth's near side and the weak attraction on its far side is called a ___ gravitational force
differential
young planetary cores where frequently melted by the kinetic energy of impacts with planetesimals as the solar system formed. the separation of materials by density in these melted plates is called _____
differentiation
why is iron concentrated in the core of the earth
differentiation resulted in iron sinking to the core when the early earth was molten
identify the indicated objects in this image (four squares with disk planets)
disks of gas and dust protostars
why would an astronomer living 5000 years ago probably recognize constellations visible in our night sky? the patterns ___.
do not change appreciably over 5000 years
which among the following are terrestrial planets
earth mars venus
match each planet with the description of its atmosphere
earth - mostly nitrogen some oxygen venus - very massive atmosphere mostly co2 mars - low mass atmosphere mostly co2 mercury - no atmosphere
why is it more difficult to estimate the age of the earth than that of the moon
earth rocks tend to have been altered (melted) since formation
the earth and moon are next to each other in space, so why does the moon have so many more impact craters than the earth
earth's craters have been removed by erosion and plate tectonics
the celestial coordinate system of declination and right ascension is most clearly related to the ___
earth's latitude and longitude system
select all the features or events caused by plate tectonics
earthquakes the Atlantic ocean getting wider new crust is formed folded mountains
Plate motion at subduction zones can cause (more than one answer may be correct)
earthquakes volcanic activity the creation of mountains
match the features or events with how plate tectonics causes them
earthquakes - plates shift abruptly at boundaries continents move - convection in the mantle drags the ear's surface volcanoes on the northwest coast of the united states - ocean plates are subducted at plate boundaries.
on the vernal and autumnal equinox, the sun rises due ___.
east
select the statements that apply to a lunar eclipse
eclipses only occur when the moon is within 1 of crossing the ecliptic the earth's shadow falls on the moon
the sun appears to move along the celestial sphere on the line called the ___.
ecliptic
which two forces are we familiar with through everyday experience
electromagnetic and gravitational
select all the statements that correctly describe electron orbits
electron orbitals and quantized electron orbitals are very small orbitals describe the probability of finding the electron at different positions
the number of photons striking a "charge-coupled device" cdd is determined by collecting the ___ freed when photons are observed by atoms in the semiconductor layer of the ccd
electronics
atoms are held together by the electrical attraction between ___
electrons and nucleus
if you observe light from a very hot tenuous gas cloud heated by stars close to it then you will see an ___ spectrum
emission-line
the picture shows what kind of spectrum (black with blue and red lines)
emission-line
planck's constant, h , describes the fundamental relationship between ___ and ___
energy wavelength
Astronomers use interferometers to
enhance the resolving power (see fine details) in sources
At what place on the Earth are the day and the night of equal length throughout the year?
equator
match "equinox" and "solstice" to their descriptions
equinox - daytime and nighttime of equal length occurs in march and September solstice - occurs in june and December the longest or shortest nights
select all the choices that correctly describe equinoxes or solstices
equinoxes occur when the sun crosses the celestial equator the northern hemisphere's summer solstice occurs when the sun is at its northernmost point on the celestial sphere during equinoxes, the earth experiences daytime and nighttime of equal length
the idea that gravity has the same effect on an object as being in an accelerating frame of reference is called the principle of ______
equivalence
___ velocity is the speed an object must attain to break free of orbit
escape
select all the observations that lead us to believe that the earth's interior is hot
every 100 m we dig into the earth the temperature toes up 2 k earth has a magnetic field magnetic fields form from currents in ta liquid core earth has active volcanoes
why can astronomers use the spectrum of an object to identify what elements it contains
every element emits or absorbs a unique set of spectral line colors
the idea that the earth's atmosphere resulted form the escape of gases from the planet's interior is supported by ___
evidence that the rate of volcanic eruptions has not changed significantly since the earth's formation measurements of gases released in volcanic eruptions
when an atom gains energy the electron moves to a higher orbital, and the atom is said to be ___
excited
when an atom gains energy, the electron moves to a higher orbital and the atom is said to be ___
excited
a planet that orbits a star other than the sun is called an _____
exoplanet
an astronaut floating in space throws a wrench exerting a 20 n force the astronaut ____
experiences a 20 n force in the opposite direction
The transit method for detecting exoplanets works best for
extra-solar systems seen edge-on.
If the year were 365.2 days long, we would need a leap day every 5 years.
false
The principle of equivalence states that the speed of light is the same for all observers.
false
true of false; an object with a large angular diameter will always have a large true diameter
false
true of false; the earth continues to orbit the sun in a generally circular path because of inertia
false
true of false; the primary purpose of a telescope is to make images of astronomical objects larger (magnify the view)
false
true of false; the stars of a constellation are found close together in space
false
true of false; when a driver turns on the car's head lights, an observer outside the care sees the photons moving at a velocity equal to the speed of the car plus the speed of the light
false
true or false; Saturn is the only planet with rings
false
true or false; in the milky way, the typical distance between a star and its nearest neighbor is about a houndred times the width of a star
false
true or false; in the milky way, the typical distance between a star and its nearest neighbor is about a hundred times the width of a star
false
true or false; in the milky way, the typical distance between a star and its nearest neighbor is about a hundred times the width of a star.
false
true or false; planets orbit the sun on circular-shaped orbits
false
true or false; since the moons in the outer solar system, trans-Neptunian objects and dwarf planets such as pluto frequently have surfaces made of ice created surfaces are rare in the outer solar system
false
true or false; the bulge opposite the moon is caused buythe sun's gravity
false
true or false; the tidal bulge opposite the moon is caused by the sun's gravity
false
A year in a calendar based on lunar months is longer than 365 days.
false?
At a given location, a given star always rises at the same sidereal time.
false?
For someone standing on the Earth it is possible to see Saturn pass in front of the Sun
false?
It is possible for extremely light particles to travel faster than c.
false?
Magnifying power is more important than the diameter of the tube when choosing a telescope.
false?
Venus is inferior conjunction exactly once a year
false?
When in opposition, Mars is visible in the sky at midnight.
false?
the parallax of a star would be smaller if the star were ___
farther from the earth
according to Kepler's second law, planets move ___ in their orbits when closer to the sun and ___ when they are farther away
faster slower
A telescope's resolving power measures its ability to see
finer details in sources
you could characterize the arrangement of planets' orbital planes in the solar system as basically ____
flat
if all objects on the earth are acted on by the force of gravity ( giving them weight) how is it that an object can remain stationary (be at constant velocity)
for an object to remain stationary, gravity must be balanced by other forces
A CCD can record 75% of the photons striking it and a photograph about 5%. In order to collect as many photons as a CCD, in equal spans of time, how many times larger does the diameter of the telescope using a photograph need to be in comparison to one using a CCD?
four
one photon has a wavelength of 200 nanometers and another has a wavelength of 800 nanometers. the first photon has ____ times as much energy as the second
four
tidal bulges result _____
from a differential gravitational force from the difference between the force of gravity on one side of an object and the force of gravity on the middle
look at the electron orbital diagram. rank the electronic transitions in order form the smallest to the largest amount of energy absorbed
from level 3-4 from level 2-3 from level2-4 from level 1-4
Aristarchus was a greek astronomer who surmised that the earth orbited the sun. make the argument of Aristarchus's critics by matching steps with the scientific method
from the hypothesis - the earth moves around sun propose a test - an orbiting planet will see objects shift position depending on their distance (parallax) collect new data - no parallax is observed accept or deny the hypothesis - the earth must be stationary
match the boxes to describe g and G
g - is an acceleration stands for surface gravity can be used to compare weight on different planets G - is a constant is the same everywhere in the universe
match the boxes to describe g and G
g - the acceleration of gravity near a planet's surface = 9.8 m/s^2 on earth G - 6.67 x 10 ^-11 m^3 kg^-1 s^-2 a constant in newton's law of gravity
match the astronomers with their famous accomplishments
galileo - discovered the phases of venus kepler - showed that planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular Copernicus - proposed a heliocentric model for the solar system tycho brahe - made the most accurate pretelescope measurements of planetary positions
match each electromagnetic wave with its appropriate position on the spectrum
gamma ray - a x ray - b ultraviolet - c visible - d infrared - e radio - f
arrange the kinds of electromagnetic waves in order form highest to lowest energy
gamma rays x rays ultraviolet light visible light infrared light radio waves
one type of observation astronomers have made that supports the solar nebula theory is of ____
gas and dust disks in the orion nebula
which features are typical of jovian planets
gaseous composition large mass and radius spheroidal flattened at the poles
the pressure at the earth's surface or at the ocean floor is caused by the weight of the air of water above. however the density of air at the earth's surface is millions of times higher than the density high up while the density of water is about the same at the surface or deep I the ocean. this is because ___
gases can be compressed but liquids generally cannot
both the earth and the asteroid gaspra are made of the same materials. the earth is spherical but gaspra is not why
gasra has a very low mass the earth is a large very massive body
The curving of space by a massive object is described by which theory?
general relativity
the ___ force is the fundamental force that gives the universe it structure
gravitational
the image shows an exoplanet being detected by ___ ____
gravitational lensing
___ is the force that pulls earth into a nearly spherical shape
gravity
the existence of dark matter is inferred by observing its effects through the force of ____.
gravity
tidal interactions occur throughout the universe between planets and moons, black holes and stars, and even between different galaxies. tidal forces happen because the strength of ___ changes with ___.
gravity distance
match the fundamental force to its action.
gravity - attractive force between matters electromagnetic - attractive and repulsive forces between charged particles strong force - holds protons and neutrons together in nuclia weak force - allows interactions to charge particles from one type to another
At which location does Mercury appear brightest?
greatest elongation
the Sun is roughly ____ through its lifetime, and will last another ____ years. (select two choices)
halfway 5 billion
match the special full moons to their names
harvest moon - September full moon long night - December full moon blue moon - a second full moon in a month (rare) egg moon - april full moon
an ellipse ___
has both long and short axes has two foci
what is the best account of the moon's lack of atmosphere
has present immediately after formation escaped molecule by molecule because of the moon's weak gravity and its proximity to the sun
a planet with a magnetic field must ___
have a convecting core be rotating relatively quickly
Most stars have spectra showing dark lines against a continuous background of color. This observation indicates that these stars
have a hot interior that shines through cooler, low-density gas.
how did galileo demonstrate that the sky was not perfect and unchanging, as people had believed it to be
he observed sunspots, which look like blemishes and change their positions from day to day
The slow shifts of our planet's crust are believed to arise from
heat from the interior causing convective motion, which pushes on the crust.
in convection, why does heated material rise
heating decreases density causing that material to float upward
a ___ model places the sun at the center of the solar system, with the planets orbiting around it
heliocentric
arrange these substances in order of increasing density
helium gas water ice silicate rock iron and nickel
a ___ model places the sun at the center of the solar system, with the planets orbiting around it
holocentric
select all the conditions that are the same in the way a continuous and an absorption-line spectrum might be produced and observed.
hot dense material is present light passes through a prism light with a continuous spectrum is emitted
ancient scientists developed incorrect models of the solar system because ___
human perception does not sense the earth's motion they didn't properly understand friction or gravity
water vapor warmed by the surface of the earth contributes to the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. arrange the choices to explain how
humid air rises to altitudes where the temperature I very low water vapor condenses into droplets and begins to fall as rain carbon dioxide dissolves in water droplets water droplets are observed into the ground or fall into bodies of water
put the following chemical elements in order from lowest number of protons in the nucleus to the highest number
hydrogen helium carbon oxygen iron
put the following chemical elements in order form lowest number of protons in the nucleus to the highest number
hydrogen helium carbon oxygen iron
use the table to help you rank the elements from most common to least common in the solar system
hydrogen helium oxygen carbon iron
a rocket is in orbit around the earth. this means ____
if the rocket fires it engines and changes it V. its orbit will change the force to hold the rocket in orbit is provided by gravity
you are an astronaut. according to the theory of special relativity, how could you survive a journey in a spacecraft to a star 1000 light years away
if the spacecraft travels fast enough, time will show down for you
stars form ___.
in clouds of gas and dust in galactic disks
native American legends relate the big dipper, which was seen as a bear pursued by hunters, to the time of year in the fall, the bear has been wounded, and its bleeding its related to the leaves charging color. the legend is an effective way to chart the time of year based on the big dipper because___
in the fall, the dipper is low in the sky
why did planetesimals grow slowly in the solar system and significantly faster in the outer solar system
in the outer solar system there were additional condensed materials from which to build planetesimals
two widely separated telescopes might be linked together as an interferometer to ____
increase the resolution of observations
When an object moves at speeds that are close to that of light, the object's mass _________.
increases
in the absence of any forces, what keeps an object moving at constant speed?
inertia
the tendency of a body at rest to remain at rest, or of a body moving in a straight line to remain moving in a straight line is known as
inertia
The Lorentz factor, (Picture) , becomes _____ for an object that moves at the speed of light. In the equation, V is the velocity of an object and c is the speed of light (300,000 km/s).
infinity
Which of the following electromagnetic waves has a wavelength longer than 800 nanometers
infrared
two radio telescopes are linked together electronically . in order for these telescopes to function properly as an interferometer the signals must be combined so that the waves ___
interfere constructively
the telescope in this image are set up to work as an _____
interferometer
the earth's original atmosphere was similar to venus's with much more co2 than we have now where did it go
into sedimentary rocks especially in the ocean floor
Scientists think the Earth's core is composed mainly of
iron
organize the materials by the temperature at which they condense and can be incorporated into planets from the ones that condense at the highest temperature to the ones that condense at the lowest temperature
iron silicates water ammonia and methane
match the labled with the layer of the moon
iron core - c iron-poor mantle - b crust - a
model the formation of planets via accretion by placing the following steps in their correct order
iron rock and/or ices condense from the solar nebula flakes of condensed materials stick together by electrostatic forces smaller planetsimals collide and stick together larger planetesimals are pulled together by gravitational forces
angular size ___ .
is a measure of how big an object looks can be measured in degrees
the kulper belt is a source of comets that ___
is home to the dwarf planets such as pluto in addition to other icy bodies is a broad region of space extending from Neptune's orbit out to 50 AU is similar to the asteroid belt with mostly icy bodies rather than rocky ones
the ecliptic is a line on the celestial sphere. it ___.
is the projection of the earth's orbit onto the celestial sphere traces the path of the sun over a year
a sidereal day ___
is the time it takes a star directly overhead to return to being directly overhead is the time it takes the earth to turn 360 in space
Why is carbon dioxide called a "greenhouse gas"?
it absorbs infrared light.
select all the reasons for using daylight savings time
it allows industrialized countries more hours of daylight when people are awake it saves energy that would be used to light homes and businesses
why does the sun rise and set
it appears to move because of the earth's rotation
select all the correct descriptions of the Milky Way
it contains several hundred billion stars the sun's orbit takes hundreds of millions of years it has a flattened, dislike shape
select the true statements about the universe
it contains structures within structures galaxies are clumped in groups and clusters gravity drivers the formation of structures
the moon lacks the convection currents needed to power plate tectonics because ___
it cooled off faster than the earth
the theory of special relativity is considered to be a very strong theory because _____
it has been tested over and over and not been disproven
why is the concept of the celestial sphere useful to us
it is a convenient way to describe the celestial bodies it is a convenient way to visualize the motion of celestial bodies
the myth of orion and scorplus helps tie the positions of these constellations to the time of year because
it is a vivid, easy-to-remember story they are on opposite sides of the sky, so each is only visible during certain seasons orion is easily identified when it is visible
what is happening to the earth's magnetic field
it is getting weaker and might eventually reverse
Which of the following is true about ozone?
it is most abundant in a thin atmospheric layer 25 km above the surface of the earth it consists of 3 atoms of oxygen it absorbs ultraviolet radiation
select all the choices that describe a mean solar day
it is the average of the apparent solar day over the year it is necessary because of the earth's speed in its orbit varies it defines the 24 hour day it is the same as clock time
select all the descriptions that apply to the solar day
it is the time between successive noons it is 4 min longer than the sidereal day
the largest optical telescopes in the world are reflecting telescopes, because it is difficult to make a refractor (lens) telescope larger than about 1 meter in diameter. it is difficult because ___
it is very difficult to support large pieces of glass only by the edge the heavy lens distorts under its own weight refracting telescopes have long focal lengths and are very large
select all the statements that describe the celestial equator
it lies on the celestial sphere stars on the celestial equator rise due east it lies directly above the earth's equator
select the statements that accurately describe the earth's atmosphere
it once had little o2 and much more CO2 oxygen is present because of bacteria and ancient plants
when a planet transits the star it orbits it is necessary that ____
it passes between us and the star blocking some light
in what ways does the celestial sphere model of the heavens oversimplify reality
it places the sun and planets at approximately the same distance as the stars it treats all stars as being at the same distance it places the earth at the center of the universe it misrepresents the true sizes of stars and planets
why is the new moon more difficult to see form earth than the full moon
it rises at the same time as the sun the illuminated hemisphere of the moon is facing completely away from us
what was the result of the Michelson-morley experiment
it showed that the speed of light was the same on both directions of apparatus
select all the following statements that correctly describe kepler's third law
it tells us the relationship between a planet's orbital period and its semimajor axis it is possible to calculate a planet's distance from the sun if you know its orbital period
select all the statements that correctly describe the Michelson-morley experiment
it was used to test for the existence of the aether it was designed to measure the speed of light in two perpendicular directions
in a solar system very similar to ours, an earth-like planet orbits a star just like the sun. this planet has an orbital period two-thirds that of earth's. how will its average distance from the star be different?
it will orbit closer to its star than we do from the sun
if a spacecraft launched from earth doesn't have sufficient velocity ___
it won't break free of earth's gravity
if an object with mass where to travel at the speed of light ____
it would have a Lorentz factor of infinity it would need to have infinite energy
select all the choices that describe escape velocity
it's the speed required to escape a body's gravity it's equal to the square root of 2GM/R
to calculate the true diameter of a planet what information do you need
its distance its angular diameter
The Moon does not undergo plate tectonics because
its mantle is cold and rigid.
what roles does the scientific community play in deciding if an idea is a hypothesis or a theory
its members independently repeat experiments to see if results are consistent it weight the number and type of experiments done to test the idea scientists propose and test alternative explanations
the moon appears larger and smaller at different times because ___ and so its ___ changes
its orbit is an ellipse; distance form us
match the units tot the properties of light that they measure
joule - energy hertz - frequency nanometer - wavelength meters per second - speed
match the name of the month with its origin in the roman calendar
july - named for Julius Caesar august - named for Augustus Caesar may - named for maia eldest of the Pleiades September - named of being the seventh month (at the time) march - named for the god of war
the small, icy objects that orbit the sun just beyond Neptune's orbit comprise the ___.
kulper belt
select all the answers that correctly finish the sentence: according to the angular size formula, an object will have a large angular size if it is ___
large and close small and very close
which parts of the earth receive 24 hours of daylight for part of the year
latitudes above 66.5 n (the arctic circle) latitudes below 66.5 (the Antartic circle)
which parts of the earth receive 24 hours of daylight for part of the year?
latitudes below 66.5 s (the Antarctic circle) latitudes above 66.5 n (the artic circle)
match the solar system material with its ultimate fate in the final stage of solar system formation
leftover gas and dust - pushed out of the solar system by the sun rocky planetimals - become the asteroids icy planetesimals - became comets and trans-Neptunian objects planetary bodies - orbit the sun
The Lorentz factor is a factor by which an object's __________ when there is relative motion between two reference frames.
length shortens mass increases clock slows down all of these choices are correct
the surface gravity of a planet with twice the mass and twice the radius of earth will be ___ surface gravity of earth
less than
use the diagram determine the time of year that each constellation would be easily seen around midnight.
libra - june 1 Capricornus - august 1 Taurus - December 1 virgo - april 1
the effects shown in the figure is called ___ pollution. it can make observing very difficult but can be mitigated buy using downward-pointing fixtures
light
select all that are properties of light
light is made up of electric and magnetic energy light can travel thought a vacuum the speed of light in empty space is constant
select the correct descriptions of the earth's outer core
liquid (flowing) mostly iron and nickel about 2300 km wide
the earth has a ___ radius at the equator than at the poles as a result of ___ and ___
longer rotation inertia
using the equation y x v = c which best describes a red photon compared to a blue photon red photons have___
longer wavelengths and lower frequencies
The solar day is _______ when the Earth is near the Sun and ______ when the Earth is farther away.
longer; shorter
without time zones every ___ could have its own local solar time
longitude
Mars completes one orbit around the Sun in approximately two Earth years. Mars orbits at an average distance to the Sun of about 1.5 AU, and Mars' mass is about 1/10 of the Earth's mass. Therefore, Mars' orbital speed is ___ the orbital speed of the Earth.
lower than
the figure shows the arrangement of the earth, sun, and moon for a ___.
lunar eclipse
electrical currents in the molten iron core of the earth create the earth's ____ field
magnetic
One way to increase the resolving power of a telescope is to
make its mirror bigger
describe the process of plate subduction and the creation of a mountain range by arranging the statements in the sensible order
mantel material is heated deep within the earth and rises new crust forms at the mid-oceanic ridge pushing the plate sideways at the other edge an ocean plate is driven below a continental plate the interaction wrinkles the continental plate
create a subsea rift by placing the following steps in their proper order
mantle material is heated deep within the earth heated material rises. pushing existing material up and sideways adjacent plates are driven apart mantle material seeps between plates, forming new crust
match the name of the feature with the letter
mare regions (plural maria) - b highland - a crater - c ray - d
assess the relationship of each of the following to the solar system
mars - a planet in the solar system Polaris, the north star - a star in our galaxy but not part of the solar system sun - the most massive object in our solar system milky way galaxy - includes the solar system
the asteroid belt is located between the orbits of the planets ___ and ___.
mars and jupiter
observing the effect of gravity between a planet and its moon can allow us to determine the planet's ____
mass
the escape velocity from a celestial body depends on the ___ of the body and the ___ from the center of the body
mass radius
to find the average density of a planet we need to find the planet's ____
mass and radius
to find the average density of a planet we need to find the planet's_____
mass and radius
to find the average density of a planet, we need to find the planet's ____
mass and radius
the average density of an object p is its ___
mass/volume
match the exoplanet feature with how it affects our ability to detect the planted
massive - makes Doppler shifts in the star's spectrum bigger far from the parent star - takes more time to detect motion and find the period orbital plane is face-on (perpendicular to the line of sight) - minimizes the Doppler effect and eliminates any chance of transits large radius - increases the probability and effect of transits
The Doppler-shift method for detecting the presence of exoplanets is best able to detect
massive planets near the star.
examples of "rock" in the context of planetary sciences include ____
material composed of oxygen silicon and sulfur material composed of silicon oxygen and iron
examples of "ice" in the context of planetary sciences include ___
material composed of solid ammonia or methane material composed of solid water or ammonia
infrared telescopes, such as the spitzer space telescope must be placed in space. these telescopes have a limited lifetime because they ___
may be too far away for a repair mission constantly use coolant
to understand the interior of the earth you might ___
measure the speed of earthquake waves compute the average density of the planet create mathematical models of the planet's interior
the image shows a representation of a planetary disk surrounding a star. identify the materials that will condense at the indicated location in the figure
medals rock and water
order the following planets from closest to farthest from the sun
mercury venus earth mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
match the planet with it s likely composition
mercury - iron mars - mostly rock possibly a little iron Saturn - ices and gas Uranus - ices and rock
match each planet with an accurate description of its atmosphere
mercury - no atmosphere venus - hot with dense clouds Neptune - methane mars - thin, cold atmosphere
the image shows a representation of a planetary disk surrounding a star. identify the materials that will condense at the indicated locations in the figure
metals and rock - a metals, rock and water - b metals rock water and other gases - c
if you are using the equation at the right to calculate the mass of a star based on the motion of a planet and if the units of newton's constant G are m3 kg-1 s-2 what should the units of d and P be
meters and seconds
earth's magnetic poles ___
migrate slowly over the years reverse occasionally
our sun is part of a large, rotating collection of stars that make up the ___ ___ galaxy
milky way
how can we know that the earth's magnetic field has revered directions over earth's history
minerals in lava preserve the orientation of the earth's magnetic field at the time the lava solidified
advantages of reflecting (minor) telescopes over refracting (lens) telescopes include the property that ____
mirrors do not absorb short wavelengths of light mirrors focus all colors equally well you can support a mirror from behind
the celestial sphere describes the position of stars in a way which makes the universe easier to comprehend. this is a good example of a scientific ____.
model
select all the correct statements about spectral line identification
molecules can emit and absorb specific, unique colors of light every hydrogen atom in a gas cloud emits the same pattern of spectral lines some spectral lines are not in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum
A ________ is based on the revolution of the Moon around the Earth.
month
a total solar eclipse occurs when the ___ passes between the earth and the ___.
moon sun
select all the choices that describe the earth's mantle
mostly olivine (a mineral of Fe Mg Si and o) essentially solid but can flow
an astronaut in space strings a ball on a string in a circle, if the string breaks the ball will ___
move in a straight line
the moons lack of atmosphere results in a ____ swing of day-night temperature than we have on earth
much larger
cultures tell (or told) stories about the constellations based on their own values and times. match the groups to the descriptions of common features of their start lore
native americans - stories of animals and hunters ancient greeks - tales of gods, monsters, and heroes seventeenth and eighteenth century explores - scientific and nautical instruments
When does Venus appear opposite to the Sun in the sky?
never, because venus can go maximum only forty seven away from the sun with respect to us
the idea that a force exists between tow bodies that depends on the product of their masses and the square of the distance between them was formalized by ___ and is known as the universal law of ____
newton gravition
match the discoveries with the correct famous scientist
newton - calculus law of gravity galileo - Jupiter has moons venus has phases kepler - elliptical orbits tycho - comets are in space
the image demonstrates ___
newton's cannon a thought experiment how something can be forever "falling" but not hit the earth
to avoid losing their night vision, astronomers use red flashlights, this works because___
night vision is most sensitive to blue-green light
we might expect a culture to have developed a lunar calendar such as the Islamic calendar rather than a solar calendar if ____
nighttime travel (in the days before artificial lighting) was important the people lived in a climate with mild seasons
Which of the following is the most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere?
nitrogen
match the components in the atmosphere with their approximate percentage by volume
nitrogen - 78% oxygen nitrogen - 21% water vapor - a few percent carbon dioxide - less than 0.1% argon - about 1%
rank these materials based on their abundance in earth's atmosphere with the most common material at the top
nitrogen N2 oxygen O2 argon Ar carbon dioxide CO2 hydrogen H2
match the atmosphere to the planet
no atmosphere - mercury nitrogen and oxygen - earth carbon dioxide - mars hydrogen and helium - Saturn hydrogen helium and methane - neptune
What causes the colors observed in the common rainbow?
none of the above
Which of the following is a disadvantage of reflector telescopes compared to refractors:
none of the above
what time of day will you see the first-quarter moon rise (cross the horizon)
noon
you are outside stargazing. if you are facing south, match the other cardinal directions to the direction you would find them in
north - behind you west - to the right east - to the left
match the celestial coordinate with the earth feature to which it relates
north celestial pole - north pole right ascension - longitude lines declination - latitude lines celestial equator - equator
the sun generates energy through ___.
nuclear reations
protons and neutrons are found in the ___ of an atom
nucleus
for many years, pluto was called a planet what did astronomers discover that led to revising its status
objects as large as pluto had been discovered father out
select the4 properties of eudoxus's (an ancient greek) geocentric model of the solar system
objects closest to the earth move fastest the planets move around earth the sun and moon move around earth
select all that are consequences of the coriolis effect
objects moving on rotating object seem to have curved paths hurricanes spin counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere
arrange the steps to describe the scientific method. in realtiy, the process is sometimes not as neat as this but involves the same steps.
observe a phenomenon create an idea to explain it (hypothesis) collect data for testing evaluate the hypothesis and alter If necessary repeat the last few steps if there are many successful tests, the hypothesis becomes a theory
select all of the following that were important astronomical contributions made by tycho brahe
observed a supernova and showing it had a fixed position, so it was far beyond the planets making very accurate measurements of planet positions discovering that comets are in space, not in the earth's atmosphere
select all the effects that are consequences of the fact that all observers measure the speed of light to be the same. according to Einstein's theory of special relativity
observers will see objects moving close to the speed of light contract in the direction of motion observers will see time slow down for objects moving close to the speed of light
select all the choices that correctly describe equinoxes or solstices
on a solstice, the sun is the farthest it gets from the celestial equator on the spring eqinox, the sun is moving from below to above the celestial equator
to minimize atmospheric effects major observatories are built ___
on mountaintops
When is the day and night of equal duration on the entire Earth?
on the equinoxes
arrange the steps of Eratosthenes's calculation of the size of the earth
on the summer solstice, obtain the angle of a shadow cast at noon in Alexandria as 7. there is no shadow cast in Syene the sun's rays arrive at earth parallel to each other. use the measurement to find that the angular separation on the earth's surface of Alexandria and Syene is 7 substitute values into angle between cities/360 = distance between cities/earth's circumference solve the equation to calculate the circumference of the earth
select the planet that would have the same surface area as earth
on with nine times the mass and three times the radius
The Lorentz factor, (Picture) , is ____ for a stationary object. In the equation, V is the velocity of an object and c is the speed of light (300,000 km/s).
one
match the amount of radio active elements that remains after the number of half-lives
one half-life - 1/2 of the original amount two half-lives - 1/4 of the original amount three half-lives - 1/8 of the original amount six half-lives - 1/64 of the original amount
the force to keep an object turning in a circle is given by F=... you swing a ball on a string. the same force is required to swing the ball three times as fast at distance d as is required to swing it at speed V at ____ the distance
one-ninth
the sun rises due east and sets due west
only on an equinox
when two telescopes are linked together as an interferometer, they are essentially ____
opposite edges of a large aperture
In which of the following configurations would Mars appear the brightest?
opposition
most satellites of the outer planets ____
orbit in the same direction their parent planet spins have density indicating a mixture of ice and rock
anything that ___ is part of the solar system
orbits the sun
____ is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust
oxygen
the most common element in the earth's crust by mass is ___
oxygen
Using the periodic table in the back of the book, determine the astrophysical source(s) of the following common elements in the Earth's crust from Table 6.1 as well as the source of "precious" metals such as silver, gold, and uranium.
oxygen - stellar fusion silicon - stellar fusion aluminium - stellar fusion iron - stellar fusion calcium - stellar fusion magnesium - stellar fusion sodium - stellar fusion potassium - stellar fusion titanium - stellar fusion silver - supernovae cadmium - supernovae platinum - supernovae gold - supernovae uranium - supernovae
ozone is considered air pollution when we breath it why is it useful to have in the stratosphere
ozone absorbs ultraviolet light from the sun protecting us form the harmful ultraviolet rays
if a planet orbited the sun at a distance of 4 AU, what would its orbital period be? arrange the steps in order form start (top) to finish (bottom) to get the answer
p^2 = a^3 p = 8 years
255 million years ago all the continents were joined in a landmass called _____
pangaea
match each phenomenon of light with the model that best describes it
particle model - reflection of light off a mirror brightness described as the number of photons observed generation of electricity with semiconductors wave model - focusing of light by a lens
which of the following statements concerning the earth's precession is correct
percussion causes the north star to change over time
the orbital ___ of a planet is how long it takes to complete one orbit around the sun
period
What is star-trail photography?
photography resulting from the earth's rotation spearing the star image into a streak
in this diagram the small squares are called ____
pixels
match each object to the group or object of which it is a smaller part.
planet - solar system solar system - galaxy galaxy - cluster or group galaxy cluster or group - supercluster supercluster - large-scale structure or the universe
match the solar system body with its typical orbit
planets - nearly circular coplanar orbits comets - elliptical orbits with random orientation dwarf planets - some highly inclined orbits, but on average coplanar with planets moons - approximately circular orbits in their planets' equatorial plane
select all the statements that correctly describe how electrons orbiting an atom's nucleus are different from planets orbiting the sun
planets can orbit with any value of the semimajor axis; the distance of electrons at any moment is defined by their orbital and probability planets follow elliptical orbits governed by kepler's laws; electrons do not really orbit electrons can be described as particles or waves; planets are best described as particles
most continental mountain ranges on earth are formed where ___
planets collide and wrinkle
what distinguishes a planet from a dwarf planet
planets must be the dominant masses in their orbit
the four giant planets contain substantial amount of hydrogen and helium whereas the earth or mars don't mostly because _____
planets that formed in the outer solar system could collect more mass (in the form of ice) early on and developed strong gravity
Which star almost stays stationary in the sky throughout the night?
polaris
the ___ of a magnetic field determines which direction is "north" and which is "south"
polarity
pm means ___ ___ referring to the second half of the sun's path across the sky each day
post meridian
the slow wobble of the earth's axial tilt over thousands of years is called ___
precession
if the earth were perfectly round ___
precession would not occur
the tilt of the moon's orbit shifts a little bit each year, which changes the dates eclipses occur each year. this shift in the orientation of the plane of an orbit is called ___.
precession.
these telescopes are linked together electronically to _____ (satellite from the movies)
produce a larger effective aperture
compared to telescope a telescope b with the same eyepiece will _____
produce brighter images
select all the particles that make up the nucleus
protons neutrons
select all the particles that make up the nucleus
protons neutrons
to be a dwarf planet an object must ____
pull itself into a spherical shape by its own gravity orbit the sun
electrons can only exist around the nucleus at certain allowed distances, which means the distances are ___ each specific allowed distance is called an ____
quantized orbital
select all the statements that correctly describe the rays seen on the moon's surface
radiate out from craters long, light streaks of pulverized rock
Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelength?
radio
a telescope of this design is used to observe at ___ wavelengths (satellite from the movies)
radio
which of these wavelength ranges can pass through earth's atmosphere
radio and visible
which kind of electromagnetic radiation can have wavelengths similar in length to a football field
radio waves
arrange the types of electromagnetic waves in order from longest (top) to shortest (bottom)
radio waves infrared light visible light ultraviolet light x rays gamma rays
arrange the types of electromagnetic waves in order from longest to shortest wavelength
radio waves infrared light visible light ultraviolet light x rays gamma rays
match the terms to their definitions
radioactive decay - the spontaneous breakdown of unstable atomic nuclei into smaller nuclei radioactive dating - a procedure by which scientists measure the age of a sample based on the ratios of parent and daughter atoms daughter atom - a product of radioactive decay, which may or may not be radioactive itself half-life - the average length of time for half of the radioactive particles to decay
____ generate heat in the earth's interior mush as happens in a nuclear reactor
radioactive elements
match the properties to reflecting or refracting telescopes
refracting - colors focus at different lengths primary focusing device is a lens long focal length/long tube reflecting - primary focusing device is a mirror typically has a short tube easily supported from the back
you bring the ends of two magnets together. match the descriptions of the ends to how they will react
repel - both ends are south poles both ends are north poles attract - the first end is north and the other is south pole the first end is south and the other is north pole
scientific models are ___ .
representations of nature typically only useful over specific ranges of sizes or conditions used to predict behavior or outcomes
select all the properties that can characterize the electromagnetic force
repulsive holds electrons in orbits attractive long range
match the telescopes property to its definition
resolution - the ability to see fine detail magnification - the ability to enlarge objects sensitivity - the ability to detect how surface-brightness objects field of view - the angular size of the sky that can be observed.
a telescope's ability to separate two closely spaced stars is called ____ power
resolving
you observe tow closely separated stars but see than as one image in your telescope the telescope's ______
resolving power is too low
simple geocentric models, such as the one by Eudoxus explains the speed of a planet's movement across the sky but don't explain ___ motion very well.
retrograde
simple geocentric models, such as the one by eudoxus, explain the speed of a planet's movement across the sky but don't explain ___ motion very well
retrograde
the path of mars on the sky shown in the image is known as ___ motion
retrograde
one ___ of a phanet is a single trip around the sun. one ___ is a day
revolution rotation
the earth both revolves and rotates. match the terms to their definitions.
revolution - one orbit around the sun rotation - one 360 turn or spin axis - what the earth rotates on sun - what the earth revolves around
match the following terms with their descriptions
right ascension - east-west position on the celestial sphere (blue) declination - north-south on the celestial sphere (pink lines) declination values - +90 to -90 right ascension values - 0 to 23 hours
Which pair of coordinates for a star remains the same throughout the night?
right ascension and declination
to determine the mass of Saturn scientists could study the motion of ____
ring particles as they circle the planet titan and other satellites of Saturn the cassini spacecraft in orbit around saturn
on earth water is found in all three phases. the largest repositories of it are the oceans which are liquid however in the outer solar system we should generally consider water to behave most like____
rock
which features are typical of terrestrial planets
rocky composition small mass and radius spherical shape
match the kind of planetesimal to its ultimate fate in the final stages of solar system formation
rocky planetesimals disturbed by tidal forces from Jupiter - asteroids in the asteroid belt icy planetesimals hurled away from the sun by gravitational forces from the jovian planets - oort cloud comets rocky and/or icy planetesimals gravitationally captured by planets - small satellites of mars and the jovian planets
what observations must be predicted buy out model of the formation of the solar system
rocky planets are closer to the sun gaseous and icy ones farther out the orbits of the planets are all approximately in the same plane the planets orbit the sun in the same direction
to make an image of m31 through your telescope, you determine you have to expose the ccd for 60 seconds. a problem you have to compensate for is earth's
rotation
The presence of a strong magnetic field around a planet like the Earth is evidence for
rotational and convective motion in a liquid core
seismic waves come in two forms ___ and _____
s (secondary) p (primary)
a natural or artificial body that orbits a planet (or other body) is called a ____
satellite
the ____ _____ is the name for the process of making observations, proposing a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and ultimately either discarding the hypothesis or creating a theory
scientific method
select all the statements below that correctly describe the aether
scientists once thought that the aether was a rest frame in which light always moved at the same speed aether was supposed to be a substance that filled space and allowed light to travel through it
newton's ___ law of motion states that the ___ acting on an object must be the product of the ___ and the acceleration of the object
second force mass
air cells in the atmosphere moving quickly affect an observing sission's ____ that is how much the stars twinkle
seeing
the largest ground-based telescopes use ___
segmented mirrors
____ waves which travel through the earth and can be detected all over the world are generated by earthquakes
seismic
_____ waves which travel through the earth and can be detected all over the world are generated by earthquakes
seismic
the figures are not to scale. if they were, then the sun would be 400 times as far from the earth as the moon. in this case in the right figure, the half-lit moon and sun would appear ___.
separated by almost 90 on the earth
If we stopped using leap years then in a few years time the spring equinox would
shift to being in April.
you want to take a digital picture through your telescope but don't want to get star trails. you could use a ___
short exposure motor-driven equatorial mount with a drive will compensate for earth's rotation
according to wlen's law, a hotter object emits light most strongly at ___ wavelengths and a cooler one emits most strongly at ___ wavelengths
shorter ; longer
The sidereal day is ________ the mean solar day.
shorter than
astronomers might created a false-color image (such as the one shown) to _____
show relative brightness of radio photons show surface elevation of a moon show photon energies of an x ray object
a ____ day is the length of time it takes fro a star directly overhead to return to being directly overhead
sidereal
match each type of material with its typical density
silicate rock - about 3 g/cm water or ice - about 1 g/cm iron - about 7.9 g/cm
match the density with the type of material
silicate rock - about 3 g/cm water or ice - about 1 g/cm iron - about 7.9 g/cm
rocks more technically referred to as compounds of oxygen and silicon called ___ are the most common materials in the earth's crust
silicates
it is 1 pm on the east coast of brazil in ___ hours will it be 1 pm in alaska
six
there are roughly ___ hours between high tide and low tide
six
order the following times of year of the northern hemisphere form the hottest (top) to the coldest (bottom)
six weeks after the summer solstice the summer solstice the spring equinox the winter solstice six weeks after the winter solstice
while driving at a high school you suddenly slam on the breaks, an unsecured bag on the seat will___
slid forward due to its inertia
you are in a rocket that passes another rocket with a relative speed of half the speed of light as you pass the other rocket you can see the rocket's clock appears to be going ___ than your an astronaut in the other rocket can see a clock in your rocket which to her appears to be going ___ than hers
slower, slower
You are in a rocket ship deep in space and are about to pass a fellow traveler going the opposite direction at 99.9% the speed of light. You think that her clock is ______ than yours and she thinks that your clock is ______ than hers.
slower; slower
the greenhouse effect ____
slows the rate at which energy that heats the earth is lost (radiated into space) traps infrared radiation in the atmosphere is stronger when there is more water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
select all the choices that can be true of asteroids
small metallic bodies orbit the sun between Jupiter and mars small rocky bodies
a comet would best be described as a ___
small object made of ice and orbiting the sun along a highly elliptical path
the figure shows the arrangement of the earth, sun, and moon for a ____.
solar eclipse
match features of the inner core to its cause or the evidence for it
solid rather than liquid or gas - too much pressure to be anything else made of iron and nickel - the densest materials sink to the core radius is about 1200 km - seismic wave detection patterns
the longest day (daytime) of the year occurs on the summer ___.
solstice
which of the following statements concerning constellations is true
some constellations contain asterisms, such as the big dipper in ursa major
the idea of continental drift was suggested as early as the 1800s but the theory of plate tectonics was not accepted until the 1960s rank these examples of evidence supporting the theory from the weakest to the strongest
some continents seem to fit together like puzzle pieces. similar fossils are found on either side of the atlantic ocean studies show that widely separated eroded mountains were once part of the same systems today gps systems allow us to measure that places move a few centimeters per year.
select all the correct statements about spectral line identification
some spectral lines are not in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum molecules can emit and absorb specific, unique colors of light every hydrogen atom in a gas cloud emits the same pattern of spectral lines
If you are standing on the Earth's South Pole, the ________ would be on your zenith.
south celestial pole
The alteration of our perception of space and time due to motion near the speed of light is described by which theory?
special relativity
an example of a false color image is shown a false color image assigns ___
specific visible colors to photons of nonvisible wavelengths
the technique used to observe and study a spectrum is called _____
spectroscopy
light is refracted (bent) as it passes through a telescope lens because its ____ changes
speed
match each example of motion with whether it is a speed of a velocity
speed - 88 mph 4 cm/ yr velocity - 11.4 km/s up 1000 km/s north
match the tides to the geometry and conditions
spring tide - tides are higher than average sun-earth-moon forms a line neap tide - sun-earth-moon forms a right angle tides are lower than average
arrange the steps to explain why a solar day is longer than a sidereal day
start with a star aligned behind the sun at noon the earth rotates 360 compared to the star while doing that it moves forward along its orbit about 1 the star is once again at "noon" but the sun is not the earth has to turn a little bit more to bring the sun to noon so the solar day is ta little bit longer
what processes are involved in the accretion of grains and gases to form planetesimals
static electrical charges collisions gravity
which measurements provide the best information about an exoplanet's composition
stellar spectrum planetary mass planetary radius
the first step an astronomer takes to observe with an observatory's telescope is ____
submitting a proposal
the light we see from phases of the moon comes from ___
sunlight reflected by the moon
select all the types of astronomical objects from which astronomers have detected radio waves
supernovas (exploding stars) active galaxies forming stars interstellar gas clouds
the ___ period is how long it takes an object to return to the same orientation with respect to the sun
synodic
two radio telescopes observe the same frequency of light. telescope a has a diameter six times the diameter of telescope b select all the statements that are true of a and b
telescope a has 36times the sensitivity of b telescope a can resolve six times finer detail than b
match the average planetary density to either "terrestrial" or "jovian" categories of planets
terrestrial - 5.5 g/cm 3.9 g/cm jovian - 1.6 g/cm 0.7 g/cm
observations that galaxies seemed to be flying away from each other at high speeds resulted in ___.
the Big Bang theory a fundamental change in the scientific thinking about space and time.
The use of a leap year is necessary because
the Earth does not complete an orbit around the Sun in exactly 365 days
what properties of other planets might we study to better understand the earth
the amount of volcanic activity the strength of their magnetic field the amount of water present and what forms it is in atmospheres and circulation features
august and july bothhave31 days violating the alternating scheme of 30 and 31 while February has only 28 because ___
the ancient roman calendar was based on politics not astronomy
the primary factor affecting the quality of viewing through a small telescope of particular star is ___
the atmosphere
select all the circumstances in which a hydrogen atom would be unable to absorb a photon
the atom has lost its electron the photon's energy does not match the energy difference between two electron orbitals
a mean solar day ___
the average of the time from noon to noon over all the days of the year
you release a ball that rolls downhill on a curving ramp, this is considered "accelerated motion" because ____
the ball's direction is changing the ball's speed is changing
One of the key early tests of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity was
the bending of the path of starlight and resulting apparent shift in the position of stars, because of the sun's mass
The Gregorian calendar is...
the calendar currently in use.
averted vision (looking at something a little to one side) helps you to see dim objects because ___
the center of the reitna doesn't respond well to dim light
what we can tell form the spectrum of a planet
the composition of the atmosphere or the surface if there is no atmosphere
Which of the following objects is not a member of the solar system?
the constellation of orion
a major disadvantage of the altitude-azimuth coordinate system is that ___
the coordinates of a star depend on the time
a peculiarity of the moon's structure is that ___
the crust is more than twice as think on the far side than the near side
the figure illustrates ____ (blue and black circle)
the deflection of light by the curvature of space caused buy a massive object.
it is more difficult to breathe on top of a mountain because ___
the density of the air is much lower than at sea level
the force of gravity between the sun and the earth is stronger than the force of gravity between the moon and the sun. however, the sun's tidal force on the earth is smaller than the moon's this is because ____
the diameter of the earth is a smaller fraction of the distance to the sun than it is of the distance to the moon.
why do you see more than one color of emission line in the spectrum of an interstellar hydrogen gas cloud? select all that apply
the difference in energy between electron orbitals correspond to different colors of light in some atoms, the electrons drop as much greater distance toward the nucleus then in others there are many atoms in the cloud which don't all start out with their electrons in the same orbital
which of the following are the same or nearly the same for the planets in our solar system
the direction they orbit the orientation of satellites' orbit around planets the plane of their orbits
according to the theory of special relativity, how would you experience a journey to a star 100 light-years away if your spacecraft travels at nearly the speed of light
the distance between earth and the star would be shorter than 1000 light-years for you
match each prediction to the appropriate hypothesis of the moon's formation
the earth captured a fully formed moon - the earth and moon have very different chemical compositions the earth and moon formed at the same time - the earth and moon have very similar chemical compositions the moon formed form material spun off the earth due to earth's rapid rotation - the moon has a chemical composition identical to the earth's crust the moon formed as a result of a collision between earth and a large object - the earth and moon share many compositional similarities
why is the surface of the earth warmer than the surface of the moon
the earth has an atmosphere and the moon doesn't
place the steps of the moon's formation according to the violent-birth hypothesis in order from start to finish
the earth is struck by a mars-sixed object debris from the collision is hurled into space the debris cools and gravity bulls it together to form the moon the moon's crust solidifies while the interior remains molten impacts create caters and maria
right now as a result of tidal braking ____
the earth only sees one side of the moon the distance to the moon is increasing days on earth are slowly getting longer
order the events by the length of time each takes, with the longest at the top and the shortest at the bottom
the earth orbit the sun once the moon orbits the earth one time the earth rotates once the sun rises and later sets
order the events by the length of time each takes, with the longest at the top and the shortest at the bottom.
the earth orbits the sun once the sun moves through one constellation the earth rotates once the sun rises and later sets
one day on earth is the time it takes for ___.
the earth to rotate once
Scientists use radioactivity in rock samples to measure
the earth's age
what causes the earth's spherical shape
the earth's gravity
select all of the following that are evidence of frequent and sometimes large collisions late in the planet-forming process
the earth's moon venus's and Uranus's retrograde rotations craters on the moon and mercury
what causes the earth's equatorial bulge
the earth's rotation
why does the number of daylight hours change over the course of a year
the earth's rotation axis is tilted 23.5 from perpendicular to the ecliptic
usually the entire night side of the earth can see a lunar eclipse, but solar eclipses are only seen in small areas and happen much faster. this is mostly because ___.
the earth's shadow is much bigger than the moon's
the offset between clock time and sundial time is a result of ___
the earth's varying speed in its elliptical orbit
The Earth's radius is approximately 4 times larger than the Moon's. Which of the following statements correctly compares the volume of the Earth to the volume of the Moon?
the earth's volume is about 64 times larger
in the transit method of detecting exoplanets what causes the periodic dimming of the observed star
the exoplanet passes in front of its star, blocking some of the emitting light
select all the changes that are related to dark adaptation
the full process takes 20 minutes the pupil widens the retina becomes more sensitive to light
the tides are strongest on the parts of the earth nearest to (D) and farthest form (B) the moon. the reason that there are not strong tidal bulges at points A and C is because ____
the gravitational force of the moon at the surface at A and C is about the same as the average force of the moon on the earth
in the celestial sphere model, why does a person standing on earth only see half of the sphere in the night sky
the ground blocks out the other half
the big dipper is a useful asterism when stargazing because ___
the handle can be used to find arcturus it is always visible from much of the northern hemisphere the dipper's bowl points to the north star (Polaris)
the sun has a temperature of 5800 k ; according to wlen's law, the color it emits the most is bluish-green why does the sun look yellow-white
the human eye interprets light from extremely hot objects as white light
Copernicus found that a heliocentric model did a better job than a geocentric model in explaining ___.
the hundreds of years of new planetary observations since Ptolemy retrograde motion
arrange the following sentences to describe how impact features are formed on the moon form the first step at the top to the last at the bottom
the impactor hits the moon's surface at high speed the impactor disintegrates into a cloud of vaporized rock and fragments a hole forms with a size depending on the mass and velocity of the impactor vaporized rock forces the surrounding surface rock out into a circular raised rim sometimes the compressed rock beneath the crater rebounds and creates a central peak in the crater
A sidereal day is defined as
the length of the day, with respect to a star.
what do scientists mean when they describe light as having a wave-particle duality
the light is both a wave and particle simultaneously
The large number of craters on the lunar highlands compared to those on the maria is evidence that
the maria are much younger than the highlands.
astronomers might use the modified version of kepler's third law to determine ___
the mass of a nearby star with planets the total mass of a binary star system the mass of a kulper belt dwarf planet and its moon
which is a piece of evidence that caused scientists to deduce the existence of a new kind of matter called dark matter
the mass of stars and gas in galaxies cannot account for some of the observed motions of stars
the resolution of your new telescope is 2 arc seconds. this means that 2 arc seconds is ____
the minimum angular separation between two stars so they are seen as two stars and not one
Which of the following objects has the most similar surface to Mercury?
the moon
place the celestial bodies in their order of increasing distance from earth in the geocentric model of the solar system
the moon mercury venus the sun mars Jupiter, then saturn
match the descriptions of their interiors with the moon the earth or both
the moon - solid mantle thinner crust on one side the earth - completely molten layer in core strong magnetic field both - silicate-rich olivine-rich mantle
match the descriptions of their interiors with the moon the earth or both
the moon - solid mantle thinner crust on one side the earth - completely molten layer in core strong magnetic field both - silicate-rich crust olivine-rich mantle
the moon orbits the earth, but a falling apple hits the ground this is because ____
the moon also has a "sideways" (compared to falling) velocity
which of the following is evidence against the hypothesis that the earth and the moon formed together side by side from ta common cloud of gas and dust
the moon has a lower fraction of iron that earth does
select all of the reasons the moon has a heavily cratered surface but the earth does not
the moon has little geological activity the moon has no atmosphere
match Galileo's discoveries with the reasons they support Copernicus's model of the solar system
the moon has mountains - objects in space were Jupiter has moons - the earth is not the center of the solar system for the universe venus has phases like the moon - planets orbit the sun, not the earth
select all of the reasons that moon has a heavily created surface but the earth does not
the moon has no atmosphere the moon has little geological activity
earth has an atmosphere, but the moon doesn't select all the reasons why
the moon has no volcanic activity producing gases the moon has too little mass so it lacks enough gravity to hold onto an atmosphere the moon is so cold that nay gas is frozen onto the surface
why is the moon seen as a waning crescent at the location labeled 'A' and not a waxing crescent
the moon is moving counterclockwise (as seen in the diagram) and as it gets closer to the sun, the suntilt portion is turning away from us
which of the following can happen during a total lunar eclipse
the moon may appear dark red
select all the reasons why we do not have eclipses every month.
the moon may pass above or below the earth's shadow the earth and the moon have orbits that are tilted compared to each other the moon's orbit is tilted 5 degrees from the ecliptic
arrange the statements to show that the velocity of an orbiting moon can be used to measure the mass of a planet, even through the force to hold the orbit depends only on the moon's mass
the moon must be in a circular orbit since the moon is in the circular orbit, the force of gravity provides the force that makes the moon orbit f.... solving for v, m ____ cancels out, and m ____ .....
select the cases in which the object undergoes acceleration
the moon orbiting the earth a leaf falling form a tree a car slowing down with the brakes on
the best explanation for why the earth has a tidal bulge opposite the moon is that ____
the moon pulls the earth "away" from the bulge on the opposite side
the moons of Jupiter Saturn and Uranus all lie in flat planes oriented with the planet's equators this is evidence that ___
the moon systems formed with the planets like a smaller solar system
which details about the moon are explained by the violent-birth hypothesis
the moon's chemical composition is similar to earth's but not identical the moon has little water the moon's iron core is very small for its size
every month, the moon passes between the earth and sun (new moon) and on the opposite side of the earth from the sun (full moon) why don't we see eclipses every month
the moon's orbit is tilted
plate tectonics describe ____
the motion of large stable sections of the earth's crust
the 7 day week is developed independently by several cultures probably because ___
the naked eye can see five planets the sun and the moon change position in the sky it's about 7 days between major phases of the moon
the earth's precession guarantees which of the following
the north celestial pole star will change
the earth's tilt is responsible for which of the following
the north pole experiences daylight for six months the sun appear4s t move north and south on the celestial sphere (changes declination) over a year
the earth's tilt is responsible for which of the following
the north pole experiences daylight for six months the sun appears to move north and south on the celestial sphere (changes declination) over a year
the strength of a spectral line is determined by what two properties
the number of atoms or molecules radiating and their temperature
what determines the kind of chemical element an atom is
the number of protons in a nucleus
Which of the following statements is true for an object moving away from you at 99% of the speed of light?
the object will look shorter the object will become extremely massive the clock attached with the object will tick very slowly it will become harder for the object to accelerate all of these choices are correct
the force needed to keep an object moving in the circle ___
the object's mass the radius of the circle the velocity of the object
how is the case of photons emitted by a moving star different form a baseball tossed from a moving car
the observer does not see the speed of object added to the speed of the photons
we can infer the mass of a plane by measuring ___
the orbit of a satellite or spacecraft orbiting it
select the quantity that is reliably and unambiguously found when used the Doppler shift method to discover explanets
the orbital period of the planet
select all the true statements about the effects of large masses on space and time
the path of photons traveling very near a star is deflected gravity's effects are similar to imagining that space is flowing toward a massive object timer runs a little slower on the surface of the earth than in deep space.
why do the planets always remain close to the ecliptic?
the planets all go around the sun with orbits roughly all the same plane
select all of the following that are parts of Ptolemy's geocentric model
the planets, the sun, the moon move around the earth planets move on small circles called epicycles the stars are farther away than the planets
select the properties that astronomers can learn about through studying an object's spectrum
the quantities of the different atoms in the object an object's temperature the kinds of atoms in an object
for which of the following properties does the moon have the largest value compared to other planetary satellites in the solar system
the ratio of satellite mass to planet mass
a rocket ship in space fires it engine, the force that accelerates it is from ____
the reaction to rocket fuel exploding out the back of the ship.
the ancient greek astronomer Aristarchus measured the angle , a, of the right triangle shown in the image to determine...
the relative distances of the sun and moon
in this photograph of orion, the photographer has not corrected for ___
the rotation of the earth
why does earth have an equatorial bulge
the rotation of the earth causes material near the equator to move away from earth's rotational axis
match the correct missing words with each statement
the same as - a truck falling off a bridge will experience an acceleration that is ___ a pebble that falls off. larger than - the pull of gravity from the earth on a truck is ___ that on a pebble taller than - very far from the earth's surface, the acceleration of gravity is ___ it is close to the surface.
why do we have leap years
the seasons would get out of step with the calendar if we did not the earth does not orbit the sun in a whole number of days
As of year 2007, daylight saving time in United States runs from
the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November.
during an observing session you find the sky to be crystal clear but the stars are twinkling and the image in your telescope dances around. you might conclude that ____
the seeing will make your images look blurry
in an interferometer, the image resolution is set by ____
the separation of the individual telescopes
select all that apply to a total solar eclipse
the sky may become dark as night the moon completely covers the sun
Within special relativity, time dilation refers to...
the slowing of the passage of time due to motion near the speed of light
which of the following is the best description of the solar nebula
the solar nebula was a flattened disk of gas and dust heated from gravitational con
the speed of an object is how fast it moves-how far it goes over a period of time. the velocity of an object is ___
the speed and the direction it travels
a ruler placed in a glass of water appears bent because ___
the speed of light changes when light passes from water to air
under what circumstances would you measure a large parallax for a star?
the star is very close to the earth
you observe a star moving over a few hours. select all of the coordinates that change
the star's altitude the star's azimuth the right ascension at the zenith
what properties of other planets might we study to better understand the earth
the strength of their magnetic field the amount of volcanic activity atmospheres and circulation features the amount of water present and what forms it is in
combining bright stars from three different constellations, ___ is easy to spot and can help you find dimmer start tracing lyra, Cygnus, Aquila, and other nearby constelations
the summer triangle
which of the objects below emit mostly visible black body radiation according to wlen's law
the sun
which celestial objects rise in the east and set in the west as seen from earth
the sun stars near and celestial equator the moon jupiter
select all of the following objects that have an angular size of 1/2
the sun the moon
select all the objects for which Aristarchus estimated the distance
the sun the moon
select all the statements that apply to the sun's path on the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere
the sun's path across the sky is the shortest all year the sun rises in the southeast
why does the moon exhibit phases
the sunlit portion that we see changes as the moon orbits the earth
The time between two successive superior conjunctions of Mars is equal to _________.
the synodic period of mars
What determines the identity of a chemical element?
the total charge of the nucleus
select all the choices that describe the path of sun in the sky if you are at a latitude between 23.5 north and 23.5 south
the twilight period is shorter than at other latitudes on some days, the sun can reach a point directly overhead
select all of the statements that correctly describe the constant G in newton's universal law of gravity
the value of G is 6.67 x 10^-11 N m^2/kg^2 G Is the same everywhere in the universe G is essentially a conversion factor
select the statements below that are true for light waves
the waves can travel through air and water the waves travel about 300000 kilometers per second
the moon illusion is caused by ___
the way your brain subconsciously compares the size of the moon to objects on the horizon
stars appear as points on the sky, some brighter than others. why?
their brightness depends strongly on both how much light a star produces and how far away it is
The Michelson-Morley experiment was successful in showing that
there is no ether to regulate the speed of light
when a planetesimal struck the early earth, the collision converted gravitational potential energy into ____ energy
thermal
according to the solar nebula theory gas giants should form far from a star where hydrogen-rich compounds can condense. how is it that we find gas giants orbiting very close to their parents star
these giants formed far from their stars and migrate in
we know cyanogen and carbon dioxide exist in gaseous form in comets because ___
these two molecules are detected in emission lines
select all of the following that correctly describe blackbodies
they absorb all electromagnetic waves that fall on the them when warm they emit all wavelengths of electromagnetic waves
select all of the following that describe circumpolar stars
they always remain above, or below, the horizon they are found close to one of the celestial poles
the ancient greeks knew about parallax, so why did Aristarchus's critics think the earth was stationary
they didn't realize that stars could be very, very far away they observed no parallax motion of the stars
the fact that venus and mars both have mountain ranges and volcanoes shows that ___.
they experienced geological events similar to earth's mountains are not only found on the earth
select all the contributions to astronomy from Islamic scholars
they introduced the use of algebra they preserved and added to ancient greek astronomical knowledge they gave (Arabic) names, still used today, to may stars
select the statements that apply to solar eclipses
they only occur during new moon partial eclipses occur more often than total eclipses they can be annular eclipses the moon's shadow falls on the earth
The numerous craters we see on the solid surfaces of so many Solar System bodies are evidence that
they were bombarded in their youth by many solid objects
a gun fires a dart, and the dart and the gun experiences forces in opposite directions. this is an example of newton's ___ law
third
newton's ___ law of motion is the two interacting bodies produce a pair of equal and opposite forces.
third
select all the choices that describe the complex Mayan calendar
thirteen was a special number in it the 260 day and year long cycles aligned ever 52 years it had cycles of days and years of various lengths it used a 20 day week
a trans-Neptunian object and an asteroid have the same volume but the mass of the asteroid is three times as much as that of the tno. therefore we expect the density of the asteroid to be ___ times ___
three bigger
a TNO and an asteroid have the same volume but the mass of the asteroid is three times as much as that of the TNO therefore we expect the density of the asteroid to be ___ times ___
three greater
an orbit that is nine times faster form a black hole will have a circular velocity that is ___ than the closer orbit
three times slower
when the differential gravitational forces by the moon acting on the earth cause the earth to slow down this is known as ____
tidal braking
match the terms related to tides to their meanings
tides - the regular change in the height of the oceans tidal bulge - a bulge in ocean waters caused by the differential gravitational force of the moon solar tides - tides caused by the sun; smaller than the moon's tides tidal braking - a slowing of the earth's rotation due to drag on the tidal bulges
one of the reasons that even ancient peoples were interested in astronomy is that tracking changes in the sky is how they kept track of ____
time
match the terms relating to time to their definitions
time zone - a range of longitudes that adopt the clock time of the longitude at their center standard time - the common time within a time zone universal time - the time at the prime meridian (longitude zero) daylight savings time - an artificial adjustment of standard time that sets it one hour ahead during the summer
since the local time depends on longitude solutions in timekeeping that simplify long-distance communication include the creation of _____
time zones universal time
stargazers sometimes complain that constellations don't look like what they are supposed to be. considering that many cultures have different stories about the same stars, this isn't surprising. star lore tends ___
to be stories that relate to times of year the stars are visible to reflect values and objects important to the cultures
select all that are common purposes of telescopes
to collect nonvisible wavelengths of light form celestial objects to collect more light than the eye collects to allow astronomers to see objects in more detail
one important reason to place telescopes in orbit is ____
to eliminate atmospheric effects that degrade the image
when looking through a telescope at a dim object, the best way to see it is ___
to look slightly to the side of it
telescopes are placed in orbit ____
to observe wavelengths blocked by the atmosphere so that local weather is not a problem to eliminate atmospheric effects that degrade the image
If you see a spaceship moving past you at 90% of the speed of light, a clock on the spaceship will be observed
to run slower than your clock on earth
if the period and separation of binary stars are known, then a modified version of kepler's third law can be used to determine the system's ____
total mass
if the period and separation of binary stars are known, then a modified version of kepler's third law can be used to determine the system's _____
total mass
By observing a _____ in 1919, astronomers were able to test the prediction that a massive object bends the path taken by light.
total solar eclipse
solar eclipses can be hard to observe because ___.
totality lasts only a few minutes, so clouds can be a problem the eclipse path is narrow the eclipse path is often over water
match the terms relating to planetary configurations to their meanings
transit - when a planet passes in front of the sun opposition - when a planet is in the opposite direction as the sun conjunction - when a planet is in the same direction as the sun superior conjunction - when a planet passes in front of the sun
if the moon were three times farther away from us than it now is, its angular size would be
tree times smaller
match the layers of earth's atmosphere to their descriptions
troposphere - the lowest layer of earth's atmosphere; water vapor circulates causing weather stratosphere - from 12 km to 50 km this stable layer includes the ozone layer ozone layer - absorbs ultraviolet light lonosphere - a region where molecules and atoms are ionized and can deflect radio waves
Radio waves require a material substance to travel through.
true
The number of days in the week is probably because there are seven objects visible to the naked eye that move compared to the stars (the Sun, our Moon, and five planets).
true
The strength of the gravitational force exerted by the Sun on the Earth is the same as the strength of the gravitational force exerted by the Earth on the Sun.
true
Your friend is running toward you at the speed of 5 miles per hour and flashes a light forward. According to Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity you would observe the flash of light reaching you at the speed (5 + c) mph, where c is the speed of light.
true
true of false; everything in your rest frame appears stationary to you , but to someone else, your rest frame could appear to be moving
true
true of false; if astronomers know the period and semimajor axis of the orbit of a planet circling a nearby star and have some independent way to determine the mass of the star, they have enough information to determine the mass of the star
true
true of false; short wavelength photons carry more energy than long wavelength ones
true
true or false; ancient Chinese astronomers discovered sunspots
true
true or false; planets typically move from west to east against the backdrop of the stars
true
match true and false with the descriptions of galileo's trial
true - galileo was put on trial because he supported Copernicus's theory galileo was lucky to only receive house arrest as punishment false - the pope was an enemy of galileo the church admitted it was wrong the year after galileo died
All observers, whether moving or stationary, measure the speed of light to be the constant value = c.
true?
It is possible for photons to travel faster than c
true?
The equation of time is used to find the difference in time between your location and the time in Greenwich, England.
true?
Your friend is running towards you at a speed of 5 miles per hour and throws a ball forward at 50 mph. Under these circumstances, you would measure that the ball is moving toward you at a speed of 55 (5 + 50) mph—that is, Galilean relativity would give a good estimate of the ball's speed.
true?
Your outstretched hand at arm's length covers about 20 degrees across the sky
true?
About how long does it take the human eye to adapt to the darkness of the night sky?
twenty minutes
if the same force acts on one cart with a mass of 5 kg and another with a mass of 10 kg, the 5 kg cart will be accelerated ___ as much as the 10 kg cart
twice
compared to the gravitational force between two bodies with masses of 100 kg and 200 kg the gravitational force between two bodies the same distance apart with masses of 100 kg and 400 kg is _____
twice as much
although he did not believe in the heliocentric model (he proposed his own hybrid model), arrange the statements to summarize how tycho brahe contributed to the eventual understanding of the solar system as helipcentric
tycho had an intense passion for studying astronomy tycho designed and built the most accurate observational tools up to that date tycho made the most precise measurements of planetary positions tycho's meticulous observations were used to show the true shape of planetary orbits with the right orbital shapes, the heliocentric model accurately predicts planetary motions
what is the cause of the earth's precession
unbalanced gravitational forces from the sun and moon on the earth's rotational bulge
____ time is the time at the prime meridian passing through Greenwich, England, is the24 hour clock sometimes used to avoid confusion if people working together are at two different longitudes
universal
a dropped apple falls because of the force of gravity between it and the earth . compared to a downward force on the apple, the force on the earth is ___
upward and equal
///Which of the following is not a terrestrial planet:
uranus
In which constellation is Polaris (the North Star) located?
ursa minor
to correct for the effects of small pockets of warmer and cooler air on light passing through the atmosphere (scintillation) astronomers ____
use adaptive optics
a refracting telescope _____
uses a lens to bend light
newton's law of inertia states that a moving body maintains a constant ___ moving in a ___ line unless a ____ acts on it
velocity straight force
select all the statements that correctly describe a rest frame
velocity between tow objects can be described by the relative velocities of their rest frames. a (stationary) table in a classroom could share a rest frame with a classroom a res frame is a set of coordinates in which the observer is not moving
an example of a planet that does not rotate in the same direction that it orbits the sun is ___
venus
rank the terrestrial planets by the mass of their atmospheres putting the one with the most atmosphere at the top
venus earth mars mercury
rank the objects according to how cold their interiors are, with the coldest at the bottom
venus mars mercury earth's moon
Calculate the densities of Venus and Jupiter. How do these numbers compare with the density of rock (about 3 grams per cm3) and water (1 gram per cm3)? M(Venus) = 4.87 × 1024 kg, R(Venus) = 6,052 km, M(Jupiter) = 1.90 × 1027 kg, R(Jupiter) = 71,492 km. (Note: Be sure to convert kilometers to centimeters and kilograms to grams if you are expressing your answer in grams per cm3.)
venus = 5.25 jupiter = 1.24 larger slightly denser
the plate in plate tectonics refers to ____
very thin very broad pieces of the earth's crust
which of the following colors represents the wavelength of light with the most energy
violet
match the terms and symbols used to describe light with their definitions
visible spectrum - the kind of light our eyes can see wavelength - the distance between crests in a light wave frequency - the number of wave crests that pass a point in some time interval v - symbol used for frequency in equations y - symbol used for wavelength in equations
put the steps in order to follow the path of energy that heats the earth through the greenhouse effect
visible sunlight is absorbed by the earth's surface, warming it earth emits blackbody radiation with a peak in the infrared co2 and h2o in the atmosphere absorb infrared radiation the absorbed infrared light is reradiated some toward space and some toward earth further heating it the earth is now receiving sunlight and the light from the atmosphere. earth gets hotter
match the wavelength of observations of the crab nebula with the information learned form them
visible wavelengths - speed of gas ejected from the explosion radio waves - the pulsation rate of central star (30 times per second) x ray wavelengths - the structure of the core
because its ratio of ____ to surface area is ___ than the earth's the moon cooed off faster than the earth
volume smaller
if the moon enters its waxing crescent phase tonight then what lunar phase will you see in approximately two weeks
waning gibbous
infrared radiation ___
was discovered by sir William Herschel is a form of heat radiation
the ____ model of light explains the color of light and why light sources can interfere with each other, _____ model of light explains why the energy in light comes in discrete packets
wave particle
when scientist use two different models to describe light theyare talking about ____ - ____ duality
wave particle
the arrow "A" in the figure is measuring the ___ of the wave
wavelength
which property of light determines how much energy electromagnetic radiation carries
wavelength
which one of the following is not a complete name of a lunar phase
waxing
which of the following are names of phases of the moon
waxing crescent waning gibbous full moon new moon
what characteristics of an exoplanet can we find from measurements of its mass and radius
we can measure its density we can infer that it is a jovian planet we an infer that it is a terrestrial planet
how do we use the Doppler shift to find exoplanets
we measure changes in the wavelength of the star's light the planet is too faint for these measurements
astronauts sometimes train in water takes because the buoyancy of water exerts a force that opposes the pull of the earth's gravity. in the tank; the ___ of the astronauts and their equipment decreases, but the ___, which affects how hard it is to move them, stays the same.
weight inertia
compared to being on earth, on mars your___
weight will be different and your mass the same
As a result of the Moon's gravitational pull, when would you weigh the least?
when it is high tide locally
Isaac newton used a prism to disperse a beam of sunlight into the colors of the rainbow; he then used a second prism to recombine the colors back into ___ light
white
In which season does the sunlight fall most indirectly in North America?
winter
of winter, spring, summer, and fall, if you are in phoenix, AZ, you would expect that a stick would cast the longest shadow at noon during ___.
winter
Which of the following statements regarding the motion of stars in the celestial sphere is correct?
with the exception of the polestar, the altitude of the rest of the starts changes throughout the night
what is the name of the following physical law: as an object's temperature increases, the object radiates light more strongly at shorter wavelengths
wlen's law
which types of telescopes must be placed above earth's atmosphere
x ray ultraviolet gamma ray
the high energy of which kind of electromagnetic radiation allows it to penetrate the soft tissues of your body
x rays
A __________ is defined as the revolution of the Earth around the Sun
year
match the approximate length of time with the changes in the sky that have been observed by people since ancient time
year - time for the sun to complete one trip through the zodiac constellations month - time from new moon to the next new moon day - time from noon to the next noon
As of _________, the daylight saving time in United States runs from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November.
year 2007
select all the color so flight that are found in white light
yellow green red blue
According to General Relativity,
you can think of space as "flowing in " towards massive objects space-time has curvature time runs fastest far away from massive objects the path of light is bent when photons move through curved space all of these choices are correct
