Chapters 16.1 & 16.2

Is the following sentence true or false? Conduction can occur between materials that are not touching.

False

Is the following sentence true or false? Heat is a fluid that flows between particles of matter.

False

Is the following sentence true or false? Matter can be cooled to absolute zero.

False

Is the following sentence true or false? Matter is transferred great distances during conduction.

False

Is the following sentence true or false? Scientists have created a heat engine with 100 percent efficiency by reducing the temperature of the outside environment to absolute zero.

False

Is the following sentence true or false? The amount of energy radiated from an object decreases as its temperature increases.

False

Is the following sentence true or false? Thermal contraction occurs when matter is heated, because particles of matter tend to move closer together as temperature increases.

False

Convection is the transfer of thermal energy when particles of a ____ move from one place to another.

Fluid

Specific heat is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one ____ of a material by one degree Celsius. The lower a material's specific heat, the ___ it's temperature increases.

Gram, more

Thermal energy flows spontaneously from ____ objects to _____ ones.

Hotter, colder

Explain what happens to an object when it heats up.

Its particles move faster and its temperature increases.

Temperature is related to the average ___ energy the particles in an object due to their random motions through space.

Kinetic

Spontaneous changes will always make a system ___ order, unless work is done on the system.

Less

Thermal energy depends on the ___, temperature, and ____ of an object.

Mass, phase

Thermal energy depends upon the ___, _____, and ____ of an object.

Mass, temperature, phase

Give three examples of convection currents in nature.

Ocean current, weather system, hot rock movements in Earth's interior.

One calorie is the energy needed to raise the temperature of _______ of water by one degree.

One gram

Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy with no _____ transfer of matter. Conduction occurs within a material or ____ materials that are touching.

Overall, between

Why is conduction slower in gases than in liquids and solids?

Particles in a gas collide less often.

The transfer of energy by waves moving through space is called ______.

Radiation

Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is compared to a _____ point. The unit is Celsius or Kelvin.

Reference

Why is temperature higher at the bottom of the oven?

Rising air cools as it moves away from the heat source.

Conduction in gases is _____ than in liquids and solids because the particles in a gas collide less often.

Slower

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of material by one degree Celsius is called _____.

Specific heat

Why are you more likely to burn yourself on a metal toy than on a plastic toy if both have been sitting in the sun?

Specific heat of metal is lower than that of a plastic toy.

Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another as the result of a difference in ____.

Temperature

Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another because of a _________.

Temperature difference

Waste heat: The ____ energy is not converted into work.

Thermal

Thermodynamics is the study of conversions between _____ and other forms of energy.

Thermal energy.

Is the following sentence true or false? A calorimeter uses the principle that heat flows from a hotter object to a cold object until both reach the same temperature.

True

Is the following sentence true or false? All objects radiate energy.

True

Is the following sentence true or false? Conduction is faster in metals than in other solids because metals have free electrons that transfer thermal energy.

True

Is the following sentence true or false? Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted into different forms.

True

Is the following sentence true or false? Energy is transferred by waves.

True

Is the following sentence true or false? Friction produces heat.

True

Is the following sentence true or false? Heat flows spontaneously from hot objects to cold.

True

Is the following sentence true or false? In most solids, conduction takes place as particles vibrate in place.

True

Is the following sentence true or false? On the Celsius scale, the reference points for temperature are the freezing and boiling points of water.

True

Is the following sentence true or false? The farther away you are from a radiating object, the less radiation you receive.

True

Is the following sentence true or false? The transfer of thermal energy from one object to another is heat.

True

Is the following sentence true or false? Thermal energy is transferred without transfer of matter.

True

Is the following sentence true or false? Two substances can be the same temperature and have different thermal energies.

True

Thermal expansion is the increase in ______ of a material due to a temperature increase. It occurs because particles of matter tend to move farther apart as temperature increases.

Volume

Thermal energy that is not converted into work is called ______.

Waste heat

Radiation is the transfer of energy by ___ moving through space.

Waves

According to the second law of thermodynamics, what must happen for thermal energy to flow from a colder object to a hotter object?

Work must be done.

What is temperature?

A measure of how hot or cold an object is compared to a reference point.

Measuring heat changes: a ______ uses the principle that heat flows from a hotter object to a colder object until both reach the same temperature.

Calorimeter

What device is used to measure changes in thermal energy?

Calorimeter

Second law of Thermodynamics: The thermal energy can flow from ____ objects to hotter objects only if ___ is done to system.

Colder, work

The transfer of thermal energy with no overall transfer of matter is called _____.

Conduction

First law of Thermodynamics: Energy is ____. If energy is added into the system, it can either increase the _____ energy or do ____ on the system. But no matter what happens, all of the energy added to the system can be accounted for.

Conserved, thermal, work

The transfer of thermal energy when particles of a fluid move from one place to another is called ______.

Convection

When a fluid circulates in a loop as it alternately heats up and cools down, a(n) ______ occurs.

Convection current

What is thermal energy?

Energy a substance or system has related to its temperature.