The Integumentary System (2)

Which statements about apocrine sweat glands are true?

-They occur in the groin, anal region, axilla, areola, and beard area. -They are not active until puberty. -They produce sweat that contains fatty acids.

Sally spent too much time in the sun. Her skin blistered and then peeled. This is an example of which of the following?

A second degree burn

What does perspiration consist of?

About 99% water and has a pH of 4-6

The hair, nails, and cutaneous glands are known as ______ organs of the skin.

Accessory

Which of the following describes the dermal papilla that is associated with hair?

An extension of the vascular system into the hair bulb

At any point in time, more than 90% of the scalp follicles are in which stage?

Anagen

Name the stage in which scalp follicles spend 90% of the time.

Anagen

Specialized myoepithelial cells can be found amid the secretory cells of which glands?

Apocrine and merocrine

The three types of skin cancer can be distinguished from each other by which of the following?

Appearance of their lesions and zones of tissue injury

For a burn patient, infection is often controlled by which of the following?

Aseptic environment and antibiotics

The ________ oncogene, which is implicated in about two-thirds of cases of melanoma in men, was discovered by the Cancer Genome Project.

BRAF

The oncogene responsible for melanoma in men is called

BRAF

The type of skin cancer known as ________ cell carcinoma is the least deadly because it seldom metastasizes.

Basal

James has a small shiny lesion that develops a central depression that has not invaded the dermis. A biopsy will most likely show that he has which of the following?

Basal cell carcinoma

The BRAF oncogene is linked to __________ cancer and ovarian cancer in women.

Breast

The clinical term for disagreeable body odor is

Bromhidrosis

First degree, second degree and third degree are all commonly used classifications of which of the following?

Burn severity

In the ______ stage of the hair growth cycle, mitosis ceases and the sheath cells below the bulge die.

Catagen

The stratum _______ of the skin, the most superficial layer of the epidermis, is made of soft keratin, a more pliable form compared to hard keratin in hair and nails.

Corneum

Which layer of the hair is made of layers of elongated keratinized cells?

Cortex

Hair texture results from the cross-sectional dimension. Which of the following statements is correct?

Curly hair appears flat (oval) in cross-section

What are the three concentric regions of the hair starting from the outside and moving towards the inside?

Cuticle, cortex, medulla

UV radiation may cause skin cancer by doing which of the following?

Damage DNA and disable protective tumor-suppressor genes in epidermal cells

Which structure nourishes the hair cells?

Dermal papilla

The term ___________ describes the condition in which sweat is produced, causing noticeably wet skin during circulatory shock or exercise.

Diaphoresis

Which process produces large amounts of sweat, wetting the skin?

Diaphoresis

Allografts or homografts are grafts done between which of the following?

Different individuals

Alopecia may be worsened by which of the following?

Disease, poor nutrition, emotional stress

Which layers are involved in a second-degree burn?

Epidermis and part of the dermis

Within a hair follicle, the ______ root sheath is an extension of the epidermis, and lies adjacent to the hair root

Epithelial

Within a hair follicle, the _________ root sheath is an extension of the epidermis, and lies adjacent to the hair root.

Epithelial

What are the two principal layers of the hair follicle?

Epithelial root sheath and connective tissue root sheath

Name the narrow zone of dead skin that commonly overhangs the proximal end of the nail.

Eponychium

The ______ is also known as the cuticle. It overhangs the lunule .

Eponychium

________________ is the burned, dead tissue associated with burns to the skin.

Eschar

Which structures shield the eyes from windblown debris with a quick blink?

Eyelashes

True or false: Pattern baldness is observed equally in men and women.

False

True or false: During a manicure, it is the nail matrix that is trimmed.

False This statement is false. The nail matrix is the area of growth of the nail, located deep at the proximal end of the nail plate. It is the free edge of the nail that is trimmed during a manicure.

True or false: Basal cell carcinoma is the least common type of skin cancer.

False - This statement is false. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common

Match the degree of burn with its characteristics. First Degree Second Degree Third Degree

First Degree - Only the epidermis is involved. There is redness, edema, and pain Second Degree - The epidermis and part of the dermis is involved. There are usually blisters. Third Degree - The epidermis, entire dermis, and often some deeper tissues are involved. This type of burn often requires a skin graft.

Burn deaths most often result from which of the following?

Fluid loss or infection

The pilus (hair) grows inside of which of the following?

Hair follicle

Which of the following are accessory organs (appendages) of skin?

Hair, nails and cutaneous glands

Most tumors occur where exposure to the sun is greatest. These areas would include which of the following?

Head, neck, and hands

Individuals with hormonal imbalances can exhibit excessive hairiness. This is known as ______________

Hirsutism

Hirsutism most commonly results from which of the following?

Hormonal imbalances

The skin underlying the nail plate is the nail bed, and its epidermis is called the

Hyponychium

Which term refers to the area of epidermis that covers the nail bed?

Hyponychium

_____________ perspiration occurs when perspiration evaporates quickly so it is not noticed.

Insensible

The process by which perspiration evaporates as fast as it is produced is called what?

Insensible perspiration

Which term refers to tissue transplants performed between identical twins?

Isografts

______ is fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development.

Lanugo

Order the hair from thinnest (softest) to thickest (coarsest) : Terminal, lanugo, vellus

Lanugo, Vellus, Terminal Hair

Clubbed fingertips are a clinical sign of which of the following?

Longterm hypoxemia

Which of the following describes pattern baldness?

Loss of hair in specific areas of the scalp

Which of the following is a function of sebum?

Lubricant for the hair and skin

The white crescent area located over the nail matrix is called the

Lunula or Lunule

A hair is formed by mitotic cells in which region?

Matrix

Gray and white hair result from the absence of the pigment __________ in the cortex of the hair and the presence of air in the hair medulla.

Melanin

Jerry has been diagnosed with a melanoma. This type of cancer originates from which of the following?

Melanocytes

Which type of skin cancer is caused by the BRAF oncogene in men?

Melanoma

The type of sweat gland that is the most abundant gland in the body, numbering 3 to 4 million in the adult skin, is the_________ sweat gland.

Merocrine

Which type of sweat gland has a duct that opens by way of a pore on the skin surface?

Merocrine sweat gland

Which of the following best describes the events that occur in the catagen stage of the hair growth cycle?

Mitosis ceases and sheath cells below the bulge die.

__________ cells found in apocrine and merocrine sweat glands have contractile properties similar to smooth muscle

Myoepithelial

Which term refers to the portion of a fingernail or toenail that is attached to the finger?

Nail body

Hard keratin can be found in which of the following?

Nails and hair

Sebaceous glands produce a secretion that can be described as which of the following?

Oily

Where is hair found on the body?

On the scalp and skin of the arms and legs

Hair does not grow in which of the following areas?

Palms of hands and soles of feet

"Goosebumps" are caused by contractions of which muscles?

Piloerector

An individual hair is also known as which of the following?

Pilus

Which describes a first degree burn?

Reddening of the skin and involvement of the epidermis only

The part of the hair enclosed in the follicle is known as the hair

Root

Which of the following is the only area with hair that is thick enough to retain heat?

Scalp

_____________ glands are flask-shaped, with short ducts that usually open into a hair follicle and directly onto to skin.

Sebaceous

Sebaceous glands produce

Sebum

Which describes merocrine sweat glands?

Simple tubular glands with a twisted coil in the dermis or hypodermis

Due to extensive structural damage, third degree burns are more likely to requires which of the following, as compared to other types of burns?

Skin grafts

How does soft keratin differ from hard keratin?

Soft keratin has fewer cross-linkages.

The deep end of the follicle widens to form a bulge. What is its function?

Source of stem cells for follicle growth

Hair with contrasting colors are important among mammals for "advertising" which of the following about the individual?

Species, age, sex, and individual identity

Lilly goes to the beach 3 times a week to tan. She develops a lesion on her scalp and ears that later form concave ulcers with raised edges. Lilly most likely has which of the following?

Squamous cell carcinoma

Fingernails and toenails are derivatives of which epidermal layer?

Stratum corneum

Match each type of cutaneous gland with its product. Sudoriferous, Sebaceous, Ceruminous, Mammary

Sudoriferous glands - Sweat Sebaceous glands - Oily secretions Ceruminous glands - Earwax Mammary glands - Milk

Treatments for skin cancer includes which of the following?

Surgical excisions, radiation therapy or destruction of the lesion by heat

Name the stage of the hair growth cycle that occurs when hair goes into a resting period

Telogen

The hair goes into a resting period, or__________ stage, when the papilla reaches the bulge

Telogen

Which type of hair is the predominant form of hair found on the scalp?

Terminal

Which type of hair includes scalp hair?

Terminal hair

The texture of hair (round, wavy or straight) is primarily related to which of the following?

The cross-sectional shape

What is the lunule?

The opaque white crescent that appears at proximal end of a nail

Polythelia describes a condition characterized by which of the following?

The presence of additional nipples

What is the hair matrix?

The region of actively mitotic cells above the papilla

Jon is going bald and often complains that he can feel cold air on his scalp! This may be due to which of the following?

The scalp lacking an insulating fat layer

Unlike sweat glands and ceruminous glands, which of the following is true about mammary glands?

They are usually active only in pregnant and lactating females

Apocrine glands are concentrated in which areas of the body?

They occur in the groin, anal region, axilla, areola, and beard area

Which of the following best describes the function ceruminous gland secretions?

They waterproof the ear canal, and coat the guard hairs of the ear.

Which type of burn often requires a skin graft due to extensive damage?

Third degree

Which stimuli commonly lead to the contraction of the piloerector muscles?

Touch, Fear, Cold

True or false: Hair aids in recognition for species, age, and individual identity.

True

True or false: Fluid loss and the risk of infection are major obstacles for burn victims.

True - Think about the how the removal (burn) of the skin affects the body's immune system and water balance.

Most lanugo hair is replaced by ______, a fine pale hair, by the time babies are born.

Vellus

The hair type called _____ constitutes about two-thirds of the hair in women and one-tenth of the hair in men

Vellus

The structures that guard the nostrils and ear canals, preventing foreign particles from entering these areas are also called guard hairs or

Vibrissae

Which structures guard the nostrils and ear canals, preventing particles from entering?

Vibrissae or guard hairs

Which of the following is the primary component of perspiration?

Water

Match the hair-type with the cross-sectional shape of the hair. Wavy hair - Straight hair - Tight Curly hair -

Wavy hair - Oval Straight hair - Round Tight Curly hair - Flat

You walk around outside for less than an hour. You look at your hand and forearm and notice they are slightly red, but not blistered. What can you conclude?

You have a first degree burn.

Identify dermal papillae

a fingerlike projection of the dermis that may contain blood capillaries or Meissner corpuscles (of touch)

Thinning of the hair, or baldness, is also called

alopecia

____________ glands secrete a substance that combines with sebum to keep the eardrum protected and prevent foreign particles from entering the canal.

ceruminous

Fingernails and toenails are hard derivatives of the stratum ______ of the epidermis.

corneum

The removal of burned skin, a procedure known as ____________ is essential to infection control.

debridement

John has skin cancer and has opted for a destruction of the cancerous lesion by heat, also known as

electrodesiccation

Burned, dead tissue is also known as

eschar

The hairs of the _________ enhance facial expression and keep sweat out of the eyes.

eyebrows

Hair grows in diagonal tubes called hair _______.

follicles

Sweat glands that have a relatively narrow lumen and a duct that opens by way of a pore on the skin surface are called _________ sweat glands.

merocrine

Hair

outgrowth of the skin composed of keratin

Shaft (hair)

part of hair projecting from the skin

The part of a hair that projects from the surface of the scalp or skin is called the hair

shaft

The deep end of the follicle forms a bulge that serves as a source of _______ cells for follicle growth

stem