The Integumentary System (2)
Which statements about apocrine sweat glands are true?
-They occur in the groin, anal region, axilla, areola, and beard area. -They are not active until puberty. -They produce sweat that contains fatty acids.
Sally spent too much time in the sun. Her skin blistered and then peeled. This is an example of which of the following?
A second degree burn
What does perspiration consist of?
About 99% water and has a pH of 4-6
The hair, nails, and cutaneous glands are known as ______ organs of the skin.
Accessory
Which of the following describes the dermal papilla that is associated with hair?
An extension of the vascular system into the hair bulb
At any point in time, more than 90% of the scalp follicles are in which stage?
Anagen
Name the stage in which scalp follicles spend 90% of the time.
Anagen
Specialized myoepithelial cells can be found amid the secretory cells of which glands?
Apocrine and merocrine
The three types of skin cancer can be distinguished from each other by which of the following?
Appearance of their lesions and zones of tissue injury
For a burn patient, infection is often controlled by which of the following?
Aseptic environment and antibiotics
The ________ oncogene, which is implicated in about two-thirds of cases of melanoma in men, was discovered by the Cancer Genome Project.
BRAF
The oncogene responsible for melanoma in men is called
BRAF
The type of skin cancer known as ________ cell carcinoma is the least deadly because it seldom metastasizes.
Basal
James has a small shiny lesion that develops a central depression that has not invaded the dermis. A biopsy will most likely show that he has which of the following?
Basal cell carcinoma
The BRAF oncogene is linked to __________ cancer and ovarian cancer in women.
Breast
The clinical term for disagreeable body odor is
Bromhidrosis
First degree, second degree and third degree are all commonly used classifications of which of the following?
Burn severity
In the ______ stage of the hair growth cycle, mitosis ceases and the sheath cells below the bulge die.
Catagen
The stratum _______ of the skin, the most superficial layer of the epidermis, is made of soft keratin, a more pliable form compared to hard keratin in hair and nails.
Corneum
Which layer of the hair is made of layers of elongated keratinized cells?
Cortex
Hair texture results from the cross-sectional dimension. Which of the following statements is correct?
Curly hair appears flat (oval) in cross-section
What are the three concentric regions of the hair starting from the outside and moving towards the inside?
Cuticle, cortex, medulla
UV radiation may cause skin cancer by doing which of the following?
Damage DNA and disable protective tumor-suppressor genes in epidermal cells
Which structure nourishes the hair cells?
Dermal papilla
The term ___________ describes the condition in which sweat is produced, causing noticeably wet skin during circulatory shock or exercise.
Diaphoresis
Which process produces large amounts of sweat, wetting the skin?
Diaphoresis
Allografts or homografts are grafts done between which of the following?
Different individuals
Alopecia may be worsened by which of the following?
Disease, poor nutrition, emotional stress
Which layers are involved in a second-degree burn?
Epidermis and part of the dermis
Within a hair follicle, the ______ root sheath is an extension of the epidermis, and lies adjacent to the hair root
Epithelial
Within a hair follicle, the _________ root sheath is an extension of the epidermis, and lies adjacent to the hair root.
Epithelial
What are the two principal layers of the hair follicle?
Epithelial root sheath and connective tissue root sheath
Name the narrow zone of dead skin that commonly overhangs the proximal end of the nail.
Eponychium
The ______ is also known as the cuticle. It overhangs the lunule .
Eponychium
________________ is the burned, dead tissue associated with burns to the skin.
Eschar
Which structures shield the eyes from windblown debris with a quick blink?
Eyelashes
True or false: Pattern baldness is observed equally in men and women.
False
True or false: During a manicure, it is the nail matrix that is trimmed.
False This statement is false. The nail matrix is the area of growth of the nail, located deep at the proximal end of the nail plate. It is the free edge of the nail that is trimmed during a manicure.
True or false: Basal cell carcinoma is the least common type of skin cancer.
False - This statement is false. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common
Match the degree of burn with its characteristics. First Degree Second Degree Third Degree
First Degree - Only the epidermis is involved. There is redness, edema, and pain Second Degree - The epidermis and part of the dermis is involved. There are usually blisters. Third Degree - The epidermis, entire dermis, and often some deeper tissues are involved. This type of burn often requires a skin graft.
Burn deaths most often result from which of the following?
Fluid loss or infection
The pilus (hair) grows inside of which of the following?
Hair follicle
Which of the following are accessory organs (appendages) of skin?
Hair, nails and cutaneous glands
Most tumors occur where exposure to the sun is greatest. These areas would include which of the following?
Head, neck, and hands
Individuals with hormonal imbalances can exhibit excessive hairiness. This is known as ______________
Hirsutism
Hirsutism most commonly results from which of the following?
Hormonal imbalances
The skin underlying the nail plate is the nail bed, and its epidermis is called the
Hyponychium
Which term refers to the area of epidermis that covers the nail bed?
Hyponychium
_____________ perspiration occurs when perspiration evaporates quickly so it is not noticed.
Insensible
The process by which perspiration evaporates as fast as it is produced is called what?
Insensible perspiration
Which term refers to tissue transplants performed between identical twins?
Isografts
______ is fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development.
Lanugo
Order the hair from thinnest (softest) to thickest (coarsest) : Terminal, lanugo, vellus
Lanugo, Vellus, Terminal Hair
Clubbed fingertips are a clinical sign of which of the following?
Longterm hypoxemia
Which of the following describes pattern baldness?
Loss of hair in specific areas of the scalp
Which of the following is a function of sebum?
Lubricant for the hair and skin
The white crescent area located over the nail matrix is called the
Lunula or Lunule
A hair is formed by mitotic cells in which region?
Matrix
Gray and white hair result from the absence of the pigment __________ in the cortex of the hair and the presence of air in the hair medulla.
Melanin
Jerry has been diagnosed with a melanoma. This type of cancer originates from which of the following?
Melanocytes
Which type of skin cancer is caused by the BRAF oncogene in men?
Melanoma
The type of sweat gland that is the most abundant gland in the body, numbering 3 to 4 million in the adult skin, is the_________ sweat gland.
Merocrine
Which type of sweat gland has a duct that opens by way of a pore on the skin surface?
Merocrine sweat gland
Which of the following best describes the events that occur in the catagen stage of the hair growth cycle?
Mitosis ceases and sheath cells below the bulge die.
__________ cells found in apocrine and merocrine sweat glands have contractile properties similar to smooth muscle
Myoepithelial
Which term refers to the portion of a fingernail or toenail that is attached to the finger?
Nail body
Hard keratin can be found in which of the following?
Nails and hair
Sebaceous glands produce a secretion that can be described as which of the following?
Oily
Where is hair found on the body?
On the scalp and skin of the arms and legs
Hair does not grow in which of the following areas?
Palms of hands and soles of feet
"Goosebumps" are caused by contractions of which muscles?
Piloerector
An individual hair is also known as which of the following?
Pilus
Which describes a first degree burn?
Reddening of the skin and involvement of the epidermis only
The part of the hair enclosed in the follicle is known as the hair
Root
Which of the following is the only area with hair that is thick enough to retain heat?
Scalp
_____________ glands are flask-shaped, with short ducts that usually open into a hair follicle and directly onto to skin.
Sebaceous
Sebaceous glands produce
Sebum
Which describes merocrine sweat glands?
Simple tubular glands with a twisted coil in the dermis or hypodermis
Due to extensive structural damage, third degree burns are more likely to requires which of the following, as compared to other types of burns?
Skin grafts
How does soft keratin differ from hard keratin?
Soft keratin has fewer cross-linkages.
The deep end of the follicle widens to form a bulge. What is its function?
Source of stem cells for follicle growth
Hair with contrasting colors are important among mammals for "advertising" which of the following about the individual?
Species, age, sex, and individual identity
Lilly goes to the beach 3 times a week to tan. She develops a lesion on her scalp and ears that later form concave ulcers with raised edges. Lilly most likely has which of the following?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Fingernails and toenails are derivatives of which epidermal layer?
Stratum corneum
Match each type of cutaneous gland with its product. Sudoriferous, Sebaceous, Ceruminous, Mammary
Sudoriferous glands - Sweat Sebaceous glands - Oily secretions Ceruminous glands - Earwax Mammary glands - Milk
Treatments for skin cancer includes which of the following?
Surgical excisions, radiation therapy or destruction of the lesion by heat
Name the stage of the hair growth cycle that occurs when hair goes into a resting period
Telogen
The hair goes into a resting period, or__________ stage, when the papilla reaches the bulge
Telogen
Which type of hair is the predominant form of hair found on the scalp?
Terminal
Which type of hair includes scalp hair?
Terminal hair
The texture of hair (round, wavy or straight) is primarily related to which of the following?
The cross-sectional shape
What is the lunule?
The opaque white crescent that appears at proximal end of a nail
Polythelia describes a condition characterized by which of the following?
The presence of additional nipples
What is the hair matrix?
The region of actively mitotic cells above the papilla
Jon is going bald and often complains that he can feel cold air on his scalp! This may be due to which of the following?
The scalp lacking an insulating fat layer
Unlike sweat glands and ceruminous glands, which of the following is true about mammary glands?
They are usually active only in pregnant and lactating females
Apocrine glands are concentrated in which areas of the body?
They occur in the groin, anal region, axilla, areola, and beard area
Which of the following best describes the function ceruminous gland secretions?
They waterproof the ear canal, and coat the guard hairs of the ear.
Which type of burn often requires a skin graft due to extensive damage?
Third degree
Which stimuli commonly lead to the contraction of the piloerector muscles?
Touch, Fear, Cold
True or false: Hair aids in recognition for species, age, and individual identity.
True
True or false: Fluid loss and the risk of infection are major obstacles for burn victims.
True - Think about the how the removal (burn) of the skin affects the body's immune system and water balance.
Most lanugo hair is replaced by ______, a fine pale hair, by the time babies are born.
Vellus
The hair type called _____ constitutes about two-thirds of the hair in women and one-tenth of the hair in men
Vellus
The structures that guard the nostrils and ear canals, preventing foreign particles from entering these areas are also called guard hairs or
Vibrissae
Which structures guard the nostrils and ear canals, preventing particles from entering?
Vibrissae or guard hairs
Which of the following is the primary component of perspiration?
Water
Match the hair-type with the cross-sectional shape of the hair. Wavy hair - Straight hair - Tight Curly hair -
Wavy hair - Oval Straight hair - Round Tight Curly hair - Flat
You walk around outside for less than an hour. You look at your hand and forearm and notice they are slightly red, but not blistered. What can you conclude?
You have a first degree burn.
Identify dermal papillae
a fingerlike projection of the dermis that may contain blood capillaries or Meissner corpuscles (of touch)
Thinning of the hair, or baldness, is also called
alopecia
____________ glands secrete a substance that combines with sebum to keep the eardrum protected and prevent foreign particles from entering the canal.
ceruminous
Fingernails and toenails are hard derivatives of the stratum ______ of the epidermis.
corneum
The removal of burned skin, a procedure known as ____________ is essential to infection control.
debridement
John has skin cancer and has opted for a destruction of the cancerous lesion by heat, also known as
electrodesiccation
Burned, dead tissue is also known as
eschar
The hairs of the _________ enhance facial expression and keep sweat out of the eyes.
eyebrows
Hair grows in diagonal tubes called hair _______.
follicles
Sweat glands that have a relatively narrow lumen and a duct that opens by way of a pore on the skin surface are called _________ sweat glands.
merocrine
Hair
outgrowth of the skin composed of keratin
Shaft (hair)
part of hair projecting from the skin
The part of a hair that projects from the surface of the scalp or skin is called the hair
shaft
The deep end of the follicle forms a bulge that serves as a source of _______ cells for follicle growth
stem