Unit 4c DNA & Protein Synthesis Quiz Review
Use the following words to fill in the passage below describing the steps of DNA replication: cell division, complementary, daughter strands, divides, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, exact copies, free nucleotides, helicase, hydrogen bonds, nitrogen, nucleus, Okazaki fragments, pair up, parent (x2), templates, semiconservative replication, two, unzips. Because these new DNA molecules contain an original "parent" strand and a new "daughter" strand, it is often referred to as ____________.
"Semiconservative replication".
What are two causes of mutations?
1. Can occur spontaneously during replication. 2. Can be caused by mutagens (such as radiation, high temperatures, or chemicals).
Use the following words to fill in the passage below describing the steps of DNA replication: cell division, complementary, daughter strands, divides, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, exact copies, free nucleotides, helicase, hydrogen bonds, nitrogen, nucleus, Okazaki fragments, pair up, parent (x2), templates, semiconservative replication, two, unzips. Finally, ____ new DNA molecules are formed which are ________ of the original (parent) DNA molecule.
2, exact copies.
Construct the complementary daughter strand from the following parent strand: T - A - C A - A - G T - G - A C - A - T A - T - C.
A - T - G T - T - C A - C - T G - T - A T - A - G.
What are the nitrogen base pair rules (as determined by Chargaff)? (Which bases always pair up?).
A and T (equal %) G and C (equal %) % of all 4 = 100% (If given one can figure out others...).
In RNA which bases always pair together?
A and U, G and C.
What does transcription make?
A single-stranded messenger RNA (mRNA) made from instructions/order of the bases in the DNA.
Use the given DNA (bases) to transcribe to mRNA codons. Then use the mRNA codons (and your codon chart) to determine the amino acid coded for. Also determine the tRNA anticodon (based on the mRNA codon) DNA = TAC CCA TTG GAT CCG ACT mRNA codon= _______.
AUG GGU AAC CUA GGC UGA
What are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA?
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine.
Purines, such as _________ and ____________ have ______ ring(s).
Adenine, guanine, 2. Trick to remember: 2 pure Ag (silver) rings.
What does sickle cell mutation do?
Affects hemoglobin (protein in blood --> carries O2 ).
Use the following words to complete the steps of translation: amino acid (x2), amino acids, anticodon, codon (x2), function, mRNA (x2), nucleus, polypeptide (x2), protein, ribosome (x2), shape, start codon, "stop" codon, transfers, tRNA (x2). _____________ line up and bond to form a ____________________.
Amino acids, polypeptide.
What is a mutagen?
An agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance, that causes genetic mutation.
Use the following words to fill in the passage below describing the steps of DNA replication: cell division, complementary, daughter strands, divides, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, exact copies, free nucleotides, helicase, hydrogen bonds, nitrogen, nucleus, Okazaki fragments, pair up, parent (x2), templates, semiconservative replication, two, unzips. First, the __________ strand ___________ with the help of the _______________ enzyme (along the _______________ between the ___________ bases) forming two ______________strands.
Parent, unzips, helicase, hydrogen bonds, nitrogen, parent.
What type of mutation causes sickle cell?
Point mutation --> changes one amino acid --> changes the protein.
Use the following words to fill in the passage below describing DNA's structure: adenine, cytosine, deoxyribose sugar, double helix, guanine, hydrogen, monomers, nitrogen bases, nucleotides (x2), phosphate group, polymer, and thymine. DNA is a ________ made of ________ called __________.
Polymer, monomers, nucleotides.
Use the following words to complete the steps of translation: amino acid (x2), amino acids, anticodon, codon (x2), function, mRNA (x2), nucleus, polypeptide (x2), protein, ribosome (x2), shape, start codon, "stop" codon, transfers, tRNA (x2). The _________ chain forms a __________ (3-D), and the ________ of protein is related to its _________.
Polypeptide, protein, shape, function.
What is translation?
Process of reading mRNA codons to synthesize proteins (with help of tRNA/transfer RNA and ribosomes).
Use the following words to complete the steps of transcription: bond, complementary RNA nucleotides, cytoplasm, gene, mRNA (messenger RNA), rejoin, RNA polymerase (x2), start codon, stop codon, unzips. __________________ pairs ______________.
RNA polymerase, complementary RNA nucleotides.
Use the following words to complete the steps of transcription: bond, complementary RNA nucleotides, cytoplasm, gene, mRNA (messenger RNA), rejoin, RNA polymerase (x2), start codon, stop codon, unzips. The 2 DNA strands _________ and mRNA moves out of nucleus into _______________.
Rejoin, cytoplasm.
What is "RNA" an abbreviation for?
Ribonucleic acid.
Use the following words to complete the steps of translation: amino acid (x2), amino acids, anticodon, codon (x2), function, mRNA (x2), nucleus, polypeptide (x2), protein, ribosome (x2), shape, start codon, "stop" codon, transfers, tRNA (x2). The _____________ moves along _____________ reading each codon until ____________ is reached. As this is happening, tRNA ________ each __________ to the ribosome.
Ribosome, mRNA, "stop codon", transfers, amino acid.
What is a gene?
Section of DNA that codes for synthesis of a specific protein.
What is a codon?
Set of 3 consecutive (nucleotides) bases on mRNA that carries the code for a specific protein/amino acid.
Why must DNA replicate?
So that when the cell divides (during mitosis or meiosis), each new "daughter" cell gets an exact copy of the original DNA.
What is a "silent mutation"? What type of mutation (deletion, insertion, and/or point) can cause it?
Sometimes amino acid & protein can be the same (no "frame shift") b/c only 1 base switched out (or multiple codons for same amino acid) and protein may be able to function normally or nearly normally. Point mutation.
Use the following words to complete the steps of translation: amino acid (x2), amino acids, anticodon, codon (x2), function, mRNA (x2), nucleus, polypeptide (x2), protein, ribosome (x2), shape, start codon, "stop" codon, transfers, tRNA (x2). Ribosome "reads" the codon until it finds the ___________ (AUG)
Start codon.
The codon UAU codes for the amino acid ________.
Tyrosine.
Use the given DNA (bases) to transcribe to mRNA codons. Then use the mRNA codons (and your codon chart) to determine the amino acid coded for. Also determine the tRNA anticodon (based on the mRNA codon) DNA = TAC CCA TTG GAT CCG ACT tRNA anticodon = _______.
UAC CCA UUG GAU CCG ACU.
Use the following words to complete the steps of transcription: bond, complementary RNA nucleotides, cytoplasm, gene, mRNA (messenger RNA), rejoin, RNA polymerase (x2), start codon, stop codon, unzips. DNA _____________ (w/ help of _______________).
Unzips, RNA polymerase.
How can we figure out the amino acid coded for by a codon?
Use a codon chart (and look up mRNA codon).
When does transcription happen?
When a protein is needed.
When and where does translation occur?
When mRNA from nucleus joins with ribosomes in cytoplasm.
What is a point mutation?
When one base (nucleotide) is "switched out"/substituted for another.
What is an insertion mutation? What does it cause?
When one base (nucleotide) is added in. causes "Frame shift" and moves nucleotides after the deletion to the left causing a different protein to be formed.
What is a deletion mutation? What does it cause?
When one base (nucleotide) is left out. "Frame shift" and moves nucleotides after the deletion to the left causing a different protein to be formed.
Can amino acids have more than one codon?
Yes.
Use the following words to complete the steps of translation: amino acid (x2), amino acids, anticodon, codon (x2), function, mRNA (x2), nucleus, polypeptide (x2), protein, ribosome (x2), shape, start codon, "stop" codon, transfers, tRNA (x2). ______ comes from the __________ and joins with ___________ in cytoplasm.
mRNA, nucleus, ribosome.
Use the following words to complete the steps of translation: amino acid (x2), amino acids, anticodon, codon (x2), function, mRNA (x2), nucleus, polypeptide (x2), protein, ribosome (x2), shape, start codon, "stop" codon, transfers, tRNA (x2). _________ (with complementary ___________) joins to the mRNA _________ and the __________ carries the ___________ specified by the mRNA ________.
tRNA, anticodon, codon, tRNA, amino acid, mRNA codon.
Put the terms below in the order in which they occur: DNA, protein synthesis, transcription, translation.
DNA --> transcription --> translation --> protein synthesis.
What is transcription?
DNA code is "transcribed"/copied into mRNA codons.
Use the following words to fill in the passage below describing the steps of DNA replication: cell division, complementary, daughter strands, divides, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, exact copies, free nucleotides, helicase, hydrogen bonds, nitrogen, nucleus, Okazaki fragments, pair up, parent (x2), templates, semiconservative replication, two, unzips. _______________, an enzyme, helps in this pairing.
DNA polymerase.
"DNA" is an abbreviation for...
Deoxyribonucleic acid.
Draw and label an untwisted (straight ladder) DNA molecule. What makes up the "backbone" (sides)? What makes up the "rungs" (steps)?
Deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group, pairs of complementary nitrogen bases.
Use the following words to fill in the passage below describing DNA's structure: adenine, cytosine, deoxyribose sugar, double helix, guanine, hydrogen, monomers, nitrogen bases, nucleotides (x2), phosphate group, polymer, and thymine. The "backbone" (sides/hand rails) of the DNA molecule is made of a ___________ and _________(order of sugar and phosphate group can be reversed).
Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group.
Use the following words to fill in the passage below describing the steps of DNA replication: cell division, complementary, daughter strands, divides, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, exact copies, free nucleotides, helicase, hydrogen bonds, nitrogen, nucleus, Okazaki fragments, pair up, parent (x2), templates, semiconservative replication, two, unzips. When the cell _____________, each new "daughter" cell will get an exact copy of the DNA.
Divides.
DNA is _______, and the strands are said to be __________ (since A pairs with T and G pairs with C) and _____________ (because the strands run in opposite directions/one is upside down compared to the other).
Double stranded, complementary, antiparallel.
Use the following words to complete the steps of transcription: bond, complementary RNA nucleotides, cytoplasm, gene, mRNA (messenger RNA), rejoin, RNA polymerase (x2), start codon, stop codon, unzips. DNA near needed __________ gives signal ("__________________").
Gene, start codon.
Where does DNA replicate?
In the nucleus.
Where does transcription happen?
In the nucleus.
Use the given DNA (bases) to transcribe to mRNA codons. Then use the mRNA codons (and your codon chart) to determine the amino acid coded for. Also determine the tRNA anticodon (based on the mRNA codon) DNA = TAC CCA TTG GAT CCG ACT amino acid = _____.
Met/start Gly Asn Leu Gly stop.
The codon AUG codes for the amino acid ___________ also known as the ________ codon.
Methionine, start.
What is a mutation?
Mistakes/changes in a gene on a chromosome.
Which part of DNA carries the code for a protein? What happens if you change their order?
Nitrogen bases (and amino acid (usually) changes and protein made (usually) changes their order).
Use the following words to fill in the passage below describing DNA's structure: adenine, cytosine, deoxyribose sugar, double helix, guanine, hydrogen, monomers, nitrogen bases, nucleotides (x2), phosphate group, polymer, and thymine. The "rungs" (steps) are made of one of four possible ____________, which are ____________, ____________, _________________, or ________________. (4 bases can be put in any order).
Nitrogen bases, adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
Use the following words to fill in the passage below describing DNA's structure: adenine, cytosine, deoxyribose sugar, double helix, guanine, hydrogen, monomers, nitrogen bases, nucleotides (x2), phosphate group, polymer, and thymine. The ___________ are held together by _________ bonds to form a _________ shape.
Nucleotides, hydrogen, double helix.
Use the following words to fill in the passage below describing the steps of DNA replication: cell division, complementary, daughter strands, divides, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, exact copies, free nucleotides, helicase, hydrogen bonds, nitrogen, nucleus, Okazaki fragments, pair up, parent (x2), templates, semiconservative replication, two, unzips. DNA replication happens in the cell's _______________ before ________________ (mitosis or meiosis) occurs.
Nucleus, cell division.
Can mutations be corrected?
Often corrected, but not always What can happen if it is not? once occurs, copied as if correct (which may cause different protein).
Use the following words to fill in the passage below describing the steps of DNA replication: cell division, complementary, daughter strands, divides, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, exact copies, free nucleotides, helicase, hydrogen bonds, nitrogen, nucleus, Okazaki fragments, pair up, parent (x2), templates, semiconservative replication, two, unzips. Next, sections of the new nucleotides called _________________ are joined together by the enzyme ________________ forming _____________ (attached to each of the parent strands).
Okazaki fragements, DNA ligase, daughter strands.
What determines the amino acid that is coded for?
The order of the bases on the mRNA codons (which was transcribed from the gene on the DNA).
What did Watson and Crick do?
They described the "double helix" shape of the DNA molecule.
Which part of the nucleotide gives its name to the nucleotide?
The nitrogen base.
Compare/contrast DNA and RNA using the chart shown on the other side.
DNA: Sugar= deoxyribose. Double stranded. Cannot leave nucleus. N bases= adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine. RNA: 3 types: a) mRNA (messenger) b) tRNA (transfer) c) rRNA (ribosomal). Sugar= ribose. Single stranded. Can move between nucleus and cytoplasm. N bases = adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine.
Why are deletion and insertion mutations more serious than point mutations?
Deletion and insertion mutations result in "frame shift" (the code being changed after the point of deletion or insertion) which causes different amino acids to be made from that point on, which results in a different protein being made (if one is made at all); often this protein in not functional.
When does DNA replicate?
Before the cell divides (before mitosis or meiosis).
Use the following words to complete the steps of transcription: bond, complementary RNA nucleotides, cytoplasm, gene, mRNA (messenger RNA), rejoin, RNA polymerase (x2), start codon, stop codon, unzips. Nucleotides _________ to form single RNA strand of ___ ____________.
Bond, mRNA (messenger RNA).
If double stranded DNA has 14% G (guanine), what percent A (adenine), T (thymine) and C (cytosine) would you expect?
C = 14% (same as G b/c pairs for total of 28%), leaving 72% to be split equally between A (36%) and T (36%).
DNA is contained in ______________ within the ________________.
Chromosomes (chromatin), nucleus.
What is another word for replication (of DNA)?
Copying (of DNA).
Pyrimidines, such as __________ and ___________ have _______ ring(s).
Cytosine, thymine, 1. Trick to remember: 1 (i) C the pyramids.... Also the words pyrimidine, cytosine, and thymine all have Y in them.
Use the following words to fill in the passage below describing the steps of DNA replication: cell division, complementary, daughter strands, divides, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, exact copies, free nucleotides, helicase, hydrogen bonds, nitrogen, nucleus, Okazaki fragments, pair up, parent (x2), templates, semiconservative replication, two, unzips. The parent strands act as ______________ onto which _____________ from the cytoplasm ____________ with their ____ __________ bases.
Templates, free nucleotides, pair up, complementary.
